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]]> https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/python/what-is-the-difference-between-linked-lists-and-arrays/feed/ 0 https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/python/what-is-an-operator-in-python/ https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/python/what-is-an-operator-in-python/#respond Wed, 17 Aug 2022 11:05:32 +0000 https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/?p=4732

Arithmetic operators

• Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations between two operands and it includes + (addition), – (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (divide), % (reminder), // (floor division) and exponent (**) operators.
  • + (addition) operator is used to add two operands.
  • – (Subtraction) operator is used to subtract the second operand from the first operand then if the first operand is less than the second operand, the value results negative.
  • / (divide) returns the quotient after dividing the first operand by the second operand.
  • * (multiplication) is used to multiply one operand with the other.
  • % (reminder) returns the reminder after dividing the first operand by the second operand.
  • **(Exponent) is an exponent operator represented as it calculates the first operand power to the second operand.
  • // (Floor division) operator gives the floor value of the quotient produced by dividing the two operands.

Comparison operators

• It is used to comparing the value of the two operands and returns Boolean true or false accordingly.
  • (= =) If the value of two operands is equal, then the condition becomes true.
  • (! =) if the value of two operands is not equal, then the condition becomes true.
  • (< =) If the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand, then the condition becomes true.
  • (> =) if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand, then the condition becomes true.
  • (>) If the first operand is greater than the second operand, then the condition becomes true.
  • (<) If the first operand is less than the second operand, then the condition becomes true.

Assignment operators

• It is used to assign the value of the right expression to the left operand.
  • (=) It assigns the value of the right expression to the left operand.
  • (+=) It increases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the modified value back to left operand.
  • (-=) It increases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the modified value back to left operand.
  • (*=) It multiplies the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the modified value back to then the left operand.
  • (%=) It divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the reminder back to the left operand.
  • (**=) a**=b will be equal to a=a**b.
  • (//=) A//=b will be equal to a = a// b, for example, if a = 4, b = 3, a//=b will assign 4//3 = 1 to a.

Logical operators

• In expression evaluation logical operators are used primarily to make a decision.
  • “and” operator is used when both the expression is true, then the condition will be true. If a and b are the two expressions, a → true, b → true => a and b → true.
  • “or” operator is used when one of the expressions is true, then the condition will be true. In this a and b are the two expressions, a → true, b → false => a or b → true.
  • “not” operator is used when an expression a is true, then not (a) will be false and vice versa.

Membership operators

• It is used to check the membership of value inside a python data structure and if the value is present in the data structure, then the resulting value is true otherwise it returns false.
  • “in” operator is evaluated to be true if the first operand is found in the second operand (list, tuple, or dictionary).
  • “Not in” operator is evaluated to be true if the first operand is not found in the second operand (list, tuple, or dictionary).

Identity operators

• It is used to decide whether an element certain class or type.
  • “is” operator is evaluated to be true if the reference present at both sides point to the same object.
  • “Is not” is evaluated to be true if the reference present at both sides do not point to the same object.

Bitwise operators

• These operators perform bit by bit operation on the values of the two operands.
  • “& (binary and)” is used when both the bits at the same place in two operands are 1, then 1 is copied to the result. Otherwise, 0 is copied.
  • “| (binary or)” operator is used where the resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero; otherwise, the resulting bit will be 1.
  • “^ (binary xor)” operator is used where the resulting bit will be 1 if both the bits are different; otherwise, the resulting bit will be 0.
  • “~(negation)” operator calculates the negation of each bit of the operand, i.e., if the bit is 0, the resulting bit will be 1 and vice versa.
  • “<< (left shift)” operator is used where the left operand value is moved left by the number of bits present in the right operand.
  • “>>(right shift)” operator is used where the left operand value is moved right by the number of bits present in the right operand.

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For example, in zip two lists,

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For example, in zip enumerate,

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 For example, in zip Dictionary,

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 Implicit Conversion

• In python implicit type conversion data types automatically converts one data type to another without any user involvement.

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Explicit Conversion

• In python explicit conversion data type is manually changed by the user as per their requirement.
  • Int () function convertsany data type to integer. ‘Base’ specifies the base in which string is if the data type is a string.
  • Float () function is used to convert any data type to a floating-point number.
  • Ord () function is used to convert a character to integer.
  • Hex () function is used to convert integer to hexadecimal string.
  • Oct () function is used to convert integer to octal string.
  • Tuple () function is used to convert to a tuple.
  • Set () function returns the type after converting to a set.
  • List () function is used to convert any data type to a list type.
  • Dict () function is used to convert a tuple of order into a dictionary.
  • Str () function is used to convert integer into a string.
  • Complex () function converts real numbers to complex number.
  • Chr () function converts number to its corresponding ASCII character.

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• Literals are a notation for representing a fixed value in source code and it can be defined as raw value or data given in variables or constants.

String Literals

• A string literal can be created by writing a text with a group of characters surrounded by the single (‘), double (“) or triple quotes.
• We can write multi-line strings or display in the desired way by using triple quotes.

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Numeric Literals

• They are immutable and it consists of three data types, they are Integer, Float, Complex.
• In integer both positive and negative numbers including 0 and it should not take any fractional part.
• Float data type are real numbers having both integer and fractional part.

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Boolean Literals

• In python there are only two Boolean literals they are true and false.

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Literal Collections

• In this there are four different types of literal collections, they are Lis literals, Tuple literals, Dict literals, Set literals.
• In list literals the values are stored separated by comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets ([ ]).
• Tuple literals are enclosed by the parentheses ‘()‘ and each element is separated by the comma(,) and it is immutable.
• Dictionary literals is enclosed by curly-braces ‘{}‘ and each pair is separated by the commas(,).
• Set literals is the collection of the unordered data set and enclosed by the {} and each element is separated by the comma (,).

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Special Literals

• Python contains one special literal where ‘None’ is used to define a null variable.
• If ‘None’ is compared with anything else other than a ‘None’, it will return false.

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Local Variables

• Inside function local variables are those which are initialized and belongs only to that particular function.
• Then it cannot be accessed anywhere outside the function.

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Global Variables

• Outside any function the global variables are those which are defined and which are accessible throughout the program.

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Machine Learning

• It is simply making a computer perform a task without explicitly programming it.
• Nowadays in world every system that does well has a machine learning algorithm at its heart.
• For example, Amazon Product recommendations, Google Search Engine, Facebook, LinkedIn, etc.
• They are efficiently utilizing data collected from various channels which helps them to get a bigger picture of what should they do and what they are doing.

Deep Learning

• It is a class of machine learning algorithms which uses multiple layers to progressively extract higher level features from the raw input.
• For example, in image processing, lower layers may identify edges, while higher layers may identify the concepts relevant to a human such as letters or faces or digits.
• Smart developers choose python because it is particularly suitable for Deep Learning projects because of its simple syntax and make the language accessible to non-programmers. 

Predictive Analytics

• It is the branch of the advanced analytics which encompasses a variety of statistical techniques from machine learning, data mining and predictive modelling.

Advanced Analytics

• It is a part of Data Science that uses high-level methods and their tools to focus on projecting future events, behaviors and trends.
• For advanced analytics data mining is a key aspect of providing the raw data that will be used by both big data and predictive analytics.
• Pandas is the Python Data Analysis Library, used for everything from importing data from Excel spreadsheets to processing sets for time-series analysis.

Exploration and Data Analytics

• It is a phenomenon under data analysis used for gaining a better understanding of data aspects like variables, relationships that hold between them and main features of data.
• Another side benefit of Exploration and Data Analytics is to refine your selection of feature variables that will be used later for machine learning.

Data Science

• It is the study of the data which involves developing methods of recording, storing, and analyzing data to effectively extract useful information.

Statistics

• Python is a general-purpose language with statistics modules in which R has more statistical analysis features than Python, and specialized syntaxes.

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• If python interpreter runs solely without any user-defined modules, methods, classes, etc. Some functions like print (), id () is always present, these are built-in namespaces.
• If user creates a module, a global namespace gets created, later the creation of local functions creates the local namespace.
• The global namespace encompasses the local namespace and built-in namespace encompasses global namespace.
• If scope of an object ends, the lifetime of that namespace comes to an end, so the lifetime of a namespace depends upon the scope of objects.
• Hence there is no possible to access the inner namespace’s objects from an outer namespace.

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• Global variables are the ones that are defined and declared outside, not specified to any function.
• In current function a local scope refers to the local objects were available.
• Global scope refers to the objects available throughout the code execution since their inception.
• In program a module-level scope refers to the global objects of the current module accessible.
• In program an outermost scope refers to all the built-in names callable and objects in this scope are searched last to find the name referenced.

Sample Code : Global Scope

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Web Applications

• Python is used to develop application and it provides libraries to handle internet protocols such as HTML and XML, JSON, Email processing, request, beautiful Soup, Feed parser, etc.
• Python provides many useful frameworks like Django & Pyramid framework is used for heavy applications, Flask & Bottle is used for Micro-framework, Plane & Django CMS framework is used for Advance Content Management.

Desktop GUI Applications

• The GUI otherwise known as Graphical User Interface which provides a smooth interaction to any applications.
• Python provides Tk GUI library to develop a user interface.
• The popular Graphical User Interface libraries like Tkinter or Tk, wxWidgetM, Kivy, PyQt or Pyside.

Console-based Applications

• In Console-based applications run from the command-line or shell and in which programs are use command to execute.
• In old generation of computers this kind of application was more popular.
• Python is famous for having REPL, which means Read Eval Print Loop that makes most suitable language for the command-line applications.

Software Development

• Python is useful for the software development process and works as a support language.
• It can be used to build control and management, testing, etc.
• In this software development SCons is used to build control.
• In this Buildbot and Apache gumps are used for automated continuous compilation and testing.

Scientific & Numeric

• It is the era of Artificial intelligence where the machine can perform the task the same as the human.
• Python language is most suitable language for machine learning or Artificial intelligence.
• It consists of many scientific and mathematical libraries, which makes easy to solve complex calculations.
• Python has many libraries for scientific and numeric such as Scipy, Scikit-learn, Numpy, Pandas, Matplotib, etc.

Business Applications

• Business Applications differ from standard applications for example, E-commerce and ERP.
• This kind of application requires scalability, readability, extensively and it requires all these features.
• Python provides Tryton platform which is used to develop the business application.

Audio or Video-based Applications

• Python can be used to create multimedia applications and it is flexible to perform multiple tasks.
• Some multimedia applications which are made by using Python are TimPlayer, cplay, etc. and multimedia libraries like Gstreamer, Pyglet, QT phonon.

3D CAD Applications

• The Computer Aided Design (CAD) is used to design engineering related architecture.
• It is used to develop the 3D representation of a part of a system and create a 3D CAD application by using the following functionalities like Fandango, CAMVOX, HeeksCNC, AnyCAD, RCAM.

Enterprise Applications

• Python can be used to create applications that can be used within an organization or an enterprise and some real-time applications are Tryton, OpenERP, Picalo, etc.

Image Processing Applications

• Python contains many libraries that are used to work with the image and it can be manipulated according to our requirements.
• Some libraries of image processing like OpenCV, Pillow, SimpelITK.

Improved Productivity

• Python is a very productive language and they don’t need to spend too much time in understanding the behavior or syntax of the programming language.

Interpreted Language

• It is an interpreted language which means that Python directly executes the code line by line.

Dynamically Typed

• Python doesn’t know the type of variable until we run the code and during execution it automatically assigns the data type.

Free and Open-Source

• Python comes under the OSI approved open-source license then it makes free to distribute and use.
• We can download the source code, modify it and even distribute your version of Python.

Vast Libraries Support

• The standard library of Python is huge, we can find almost all the functions needed for our task so, we don’t have to depend on external libraries.

Portability

• To run program in many languages like C/C++, we need to change our code in different platforms.
• In python we only write once and executes it anywhere.

Disadvantages of Python

Slow Speed

• Python is an interpreted language and dynamically typed language where the line-by-line execution of code often leads to slow execution.

Not Memory Efficient

• Python has to do a little tradeoff, to provide simplicity to the developer.
• This programming language uses a large amount of memory and it can be a disadvantage while building applications when we prefer memory optimization.

Weak in Mobile Computing

• In server-side programming python is generally is used.
• Compare to other programming languages it has slow processing power and it is not memory efficient.

Database Access

• Python is easy and stress-free programming and it lacks behind, when we are interacting with the database.
• The Python’s database access layer is primitive and underdeveloped in comparison to the popular technologies like JDBCand ODBC.

Runtime Errors

• The data type of a variable can change at anytime because python is dynamically typed language.
• In future a variable containing integer number may hold a string which can lead to Runtime Errors.

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Modules

• A module is a pythonic statement that containing different functions.
• Modules are act as a pre-defined library in the script, which is accessible to both the programmers as well as the user.
• These modules are also store pre-defined functions from the library where the code is being executed.

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Packages

• A package is considered as a collection of tools that allows the programmers to initiate the code.
• Python package acts as a user-variable interface to any source code.
• At runtime this feature allows a Python package to work at a defined time for any functional script.

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Easy

• It is a friendly developer language which means that anyone and everyone can learn to code it in a couple of hours or days.
• Python is one of the easiest to learn, while compared to other object-oriented programming languages like Java, C, C++, and C#.

Free and Open-Source

• It is an open-source programming language which means that anyone can create and contribute to its development.
• It has an online forum where thousands of coders gather daily to improve this language further.
• In any OS like Windows, Linux, Mac it can be use and free to download.

Gui Standard

• GUI is otherwise known as Graphical User Interface is one of the key aspects of any programming language because it has the ability to add flair to code and make the results more visual.
• It is one of most favorite language for developers, so its supports for a wide array of GUIs which can easily be imported to the interpreter.

Object-Oriented Approach

• It is partial object-oriented programming language.
• Basically, python recognizes the concept of class and object encapsulation thus allowing programs to be efficient in the long run.

High-Level Language

• It has been designed to be a high-level programming language, which means that when you code in Python you don’t need to be aware of the coding structure, architecture as well as memory management.

Integrated by Nature

• It is an integrated language by nature which means that the python interpreter executes codes one line at a time.
• We don’t need to compile Python code thus making the debugging process much easier and efficient, unlike other object-oriented programming languages.

Portable

• If we are running Python on Windows and you need to shift the same to either a Mac or a Linux system, then you can easily achieve the same in Python without having to worry about changing the code.

Dynamically typed

• It is one of the most dynamic languages available in the industry today.

Large library standard

• It comes inbuilt with a large number of libraries that can be imported at any instance and be used in a specific program.

Support for Other Languages

• By default, Python supports the execution of code written in other programming languages such as Java, C, and C#, thus making it one of the versatile in the industry.

]]> https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/python/list-out-the-features-of-python/feed/ 0 https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/python/python-vs-java/ https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/python/python-vs-java/#respond Sat, 13 Aug 2022 05:14:17 +0000 https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/?p=4662  

                  Python  

                    Java  

It has more high-level programming language.  

It is the most fundamental language for multiple platforms  

On other hand it is an interpreter manually typed, makes it slower  

It is statically typed programming, makes it faster  

It is an object-oriented with the advantage of scripting language  

It is an object-oriented programming language  

It has less legacy problem making it difficult for the organizations to copy and paste  

Java legacy systems are typically larger and numerous  

Short lines of code than java  

Longer line of code than python  

Python access layers are weaker than Java Java database connectivity is popular and widely used to connect  

Syntax of Python is easier than Java  

Syntax of Java is complex than Python  

Lesser coding than Java, make its productivity high  

Due to larger and complex coding than python, productivity is less  

Because of simplicity and shorter code python is easy to use  

Due to larger and complex coding than python, productivity is less  

Short coding makes python more readable  

Because of complex coding, readability is less