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	<title>Apostek Software Interview Questions and Answers - Wikitechy</title>
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	<title>Apostek Software Interview Questions and Answers - Wikitechy</title>
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	<item>
		<title>Why Some Application on Windows Platform is Working Very Slowly ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/windows/why-some-application-on-windows-platform-is-working-very-slowly/</link>
					<comments>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/windows/why-some-application-on-windows-platform-is-working-very-slowly/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 07:52:05 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Windows]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[10 steps to speed up a slow Windows PC]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/?p=1219</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Answer : There are various errors in windows platform they are...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;"></div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>There are various <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/fix-100-disk-usage-error-windows-10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">errors in windows</a> platform they are:</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Processor overheating</li>
<li>Bad <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/change-ram-laptop/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAM</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/fix-100-disk-usage-error-windows-10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hard disk issues</a></li>
<li>File system issues and display options</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="processor-overheating" class="color-blue">Processor overheating</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Recently Chipmakers have been working to make processors more effective, which means they generate less heat.</li>
<li>Now some modern processors still produce a lot of heat.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Dust is preventing the fan from spinning smoothly.</li>
<li>The fan motor has failed.</li>
<li>The fan bearings are loose and jiggling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="bad-ram" class="color-blue">Bad RAM</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Several conditions can lead to RAM-related performance problems with a particular machine:</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/tutorials/ethical-hacking/computer-hacking-tutorial/how-to-use-usb-drive-as-ram-to-increase-computer-speed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAM</a> timing is slower than optimal machine spec.</li>
<li>RAM has minor faults that appear only on detailed testing.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/5-best-ways-to-clear-ram-on-android/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAM</a> is overheating.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="hard-disk-issues" class="color-blue">Hard disk issues</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Slow access times on the affected drive.</li>
<li>An increasing number of bad sectors when running scandisk.</li>
<li>Unexplained Blue Screens.</li>
<li>Intermittent boot failures.</li>
<li>An &#8220;Imminent Hard Disk Failure&#8221; warning.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="file-system-issues-and-display-options" class="color-blue">File system issues and display options</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Some file systems work better than others for large disk dividers. <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/remove-windows-password/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Windows 7</a> should always use the NTFS file system for best performance.</li>
<li>Cleaning up the file system will also help speed performance. We can use the <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/10-handy-tips-tools-keep-mac-clean/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Disk Clean-up tool</a> to:</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Remove temporary Internet files.</li>
<li>Remove downloaded program files (such as Microsoft ActiveX controls and <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/tutorials/java/java-tutorial" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Java</a> applets).</li>
<li>Remove the Recycle Bin.</li>
<li>Remove Windows temporary files such as error reports.</li>
<li>Remove optional Windows components we don&#8217;t use.</li>
<li>Remove installed programs you no longer use.</li>
<li>Remove unused restore points and shadow copies from <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/create-restore-point-windows-10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">System Restore</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>To run Disk Clean-up in Windows 7, click Start and type &#8220;Disk Clean-up&#8221; in the search box. Select the drive you want to clean up.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="how-to-solve-this-problem" class="color-green">How to solve this Problem :</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Windows have corrupted in many problems we have use below steps, to overcome this issues.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="step-1-clean-boot" class="color-purple">Step 1: Clean boot</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>It will start Windows by using a minimum set of drivers and start up programs.</li>
<li>It will also eliminate software conflicts that could occur when you install a program, or an <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/disable-automatic-restart-windows-update/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">update</a> , or when you run a program in Windows.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="step-2-reset-windows-update-components" class="color-purple">Step 2: Reset Windows Update Components</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>These are services that Windows Update needs to make sure it&#8217;s working effectively.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="step-3-perform-corruption-fix-tools" class="color-purple">Step 3: Perform corruption fix tools</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Using <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/enable-copy-paste-cmd-windows/windows-10-command-prompt/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Command Prompt</a> running as Administrator, we can perform these commands that can fix issues on our system itself,</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight" style="text-align: justify;">
<pre><code class="hljs" data-lang=""><span class="nt"><strong>CHKDSK /R 
SFC /SCANNOW
DISM /ONLINE /CLEANUP-IMAGE /RESTOREHEALTH</strong>  </span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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			</item>
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		<title>Difference between 32 bit and 64 bit architecture ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/operating-system/difference-between-32-bit-and-64-bit-architecture/</link>
					<comments>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/operating-system/difference-between-32-bit-and-64-bit-architecture/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2021 08:59:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Operating System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[32 64 bit]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[32 bit and 64 bit os comparison]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[windows 32 bit vs 64 bit]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/?p=1120</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Answer : 32-bit architecture is based on registers, address...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="difference-between-32-bit-and-64-bit-architecture" class="color-pink">Difference between 32 bit and 64 bit architecture ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content table-responsive">
<div class="hddn">
<table class="table-bordered table-striped table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>32 bit architecture</th>
<th>64 bit architecture</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">32-bit architecture is based on registers, address<br />
or data buses 32 bits (4 octets) wide.For software,<br />
32-bit typically means use of 32-bit linear address space.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">64-bit architecture is based on registers, address or data buses 64 bits (8 octets) wide. For software, 64-bit means code use with 64-bit virtual memory addresses.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">32-bit systems are limited to 3.2<br />
Gigabytes (GB) of RAM 32 bit Windows<br />
with address limitation do not attain to a full 4GB.<br />
It&#8217;s hardware dependent, typically 3.25GB.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">64-bit systems allow up to 17 Billion GB of RAM.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">A computer 32-bit processor cannot have<br />
a 64-bit version of an operating system installed.<br />
An operating system installed only have a 32-bit version.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">64-bit processor in a computer can be access to 64-bit or 32-bit version of an operating system to be installed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Less RAM access, less memory,<br />
less efficiency, fewer security features</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">More RAM access ,More efficiency ,<br />
More virtual memory allocation , More security features</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">32-bit operating systems (OS) and<br />
applications required as 32-bit CPUs.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">64-bit OS requires 64-bit CPU, and 64-bit applications.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Fewer Issues</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Legacy issues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">All editions of Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista,<br />
and Windows XP, Linux are the available system<br />
for 32 bit processor.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">XP Professional, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, as well as Mac OS X and Linux are the available systems for 64 bit processor.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/operating-system/difference-between-32-bit-and-64-bit-architecture.jpg" alt=" Difference between 32 bit and 64 bit architecture " /></div>
</div>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<item>
		<title>What is indexing in database ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/dbms/what-is-indexing-in-database/</link>
					<comments>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/dbms/what-is-indexing-in-database/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:36:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[DBMS]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[advantages of indexing database]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Indexing is the One of the ways that will optimize the database searching...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="what-is-indexing-in-database" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">What is Indexing in Database ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Indexing is the One of the ways that will optimize the database searching and accessing is having indexes on the columns that access the data in a database table.</li>
<li>An index object is created in database with the column/columns value that are mentioned while creating the index.</li>
<li>The value in the index holds the row id of the physical data location in the database which helps for fast data retrieval of the corresponding rows.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/dbms/what-is-indexing-in-database.png" alt=" What is Indexing Database" /></div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="types-of-index" class="color-green">Types Of Index</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li><b>Clustered indexes</b> define the physical sorting of a database table’s rows in the storage media. For this reason, each database table may have only one clustered index.</li>
<li><b>Non-clustered indexes</b> are created outside of the database table and contain a sorted list of references to the table itself.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/dbms/difference-between-cluster-and-non-cluster-index.png" alt="Cluster &amp; Non Clustered Index" /></div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;" align="center">Cluster &amp; Non Clustered Index</p>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="advantages-of-indexes" class="color-blue">Advantages of Indexes</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Indexes their use in queries usually results in much better performance.</li>
<li>Make it possible to quickly retrieve (fetch) data.</li>
<li>They can be used for sorting. A post-fetch-sort operation can be eliminated.</li>
<li>Unique indexes guarantee uniquely identifiable records in the database.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="disadvantages-of-indexes" class="color-blue">Disadvantages of Indexes</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">They decrease performance on inserts, updates, and deletes.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">It will take up space (this increases with the number of fields used and the length of the fields).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Some databases will monocase values in fields that are indexed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>What is Normalization ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/dbms/what-is-normalization/</link>
					<comments>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/dbms/what-is-normalization/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:33:39 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Normalization is the process of reorganizing data in a database...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading"></div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Normalization is the process of reorganizing data in a database. They have two basic requirements they are:
<ul>
<li>No redundancy of data.</li>
<li>Logical as data dependencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To normalize a database, we divide the database into tables and establish relationships between the tables.</li>
<li>Database normalization can essentially be defined as the practice of optimizing table structures.</li>
<li>Optimization is accomplished as a result of a thorough investigation of the various pieces of data that will be stored within the database, in particular concentrating upon how this data is interrelated.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/dbms/what-is-normalization.jpg" alt=" What is Normalization" /></div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="types-of-normalization" class="color-blue">Types of Normalization</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>1NF</li>
<li>2NF</li>
<li>3NF</li>
<li>BCNF</li>
<li>4NF</li>
<li>5NF</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="first-normal-form-1nf" class="color-purple">First Normal Form (1NF)</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>The First Normal Form should be following some rules in table,
<ul>
<li>It should only have single(atomic) valued attributes/columns.</li>
<li>Values stored in a column should be of the same domain</li>
<li>All the columns in a table should have unique names.</li>
<li>And the order in which data is stored, does not matter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="second-normal-form-2nf" class="color-purple">Second Normal Form (2NF)</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>For a table to be in the Second Normal Form,
<ul>
<li>It should be in the First Normal form.</li>
<li>And, it should not have Partial Dependency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="third-normal-form-3nf" class="color-purple">Third Normal Form (3NF)</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>A table is said to be in the Third Normal Form when,
<ul>
<li>It is in the Second Normal form.</li>
<li>And, it doesn&#8217;t have Transitive Dependency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="boyce-and-codd-normal-form-bcnf" class="color-purple">Boyce and Codd Normal Form (BCNF)</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Boyce and Codd Normal Form is a higher version of the Third Normal form. This form deals with certain type of anomaly that is not handled by 3NF. A 3NF table which does not have multiple overlapping candidate keys is said to be in BCNF.</li>
<li>For a table to be in BCNF, following conditions must be satisfied:
<ul>
<li>R must be in 3rd Normal Form and, for each functional dependency ( X → Y ), X should be a super Key.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="fourth-normal-form-4nf" class="color-purple">Fourth Normal Form (4NF)</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>A table is said to be in the Fourth Normal Form when,
<ul>
<li>It is in the Boyce-Codd Normal Form.</li>
<li>And, it doesn&#8217;t have Multi-Valued Dependency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="fifth-normal-form-5nf" class="color-purple">Fifth Normal Form (5NF)</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Fifth Normal Form (5NF), also known as project-join normal form (PJ/NF) is a level of database normalization designed to reduce redundancy in relational databases recording multi-valued facts by isolating semantically related multiple relationships.</li>
<li>A relation R is in Fifth Normal Form (5NF) and only if the following conditions are satisfied simultaneously,
<ul>
<li>R is already in 4NF.</li>
<li>It cannot be further non-loss decomposed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>What are cookies ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/networking/what-are-cookies/</link>
					<comments>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/networking/what-are-cookies/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Jul 2021 18:47:56 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Cookies are messages that web servers pass to web browser...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="what-are-cookies" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">What are cookies ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/software-testing/how-to-configure-yahoo-cookies-in-load-runner/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cookies</a> are messages that web servers pass to web browser when to visit Internet sites.</li>
<li>In browser stores each message in a small file, called cookie.txt. When you request another page from the server, in browser sends the cookie back to the server.</li>
<li>These files typically contain information about your visit to the web page, as well as any information you&#8217;ve volunteered, such as name and interests.</li>
<li>Each cookie is effectively a small lookup table containing pairs of (key, data) values. Once the cookie has been read by the code on the server or client computer, the data can be retrieved and used to customise the web page appropriately.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><a href="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/networking/what-are-cookies.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/networking/what-are-cookies.jpg" alt="What are Cookies" /></a></div>
<div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="open-browser" class="color-green">Open Browser</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Cookies are stored in web browser; the first step is to open the browser. Popular browsers include <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/manage-browsing-history-private-data-firefox/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Firefox</a>, Chrome, Edge, Safari, and Internet Explorer.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="find-where-cookies-are-stored" class="color-green">Find where cookies are stored</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Each browser manages cookies in a different location. For example, in Internet Explorer, we can find them by clicking “Tools” and then “Internet Options.” From there, select “General” and “Browsing history” and “Settings.”</li>
<li>In Chrome, select “Preferences” option from the Chrome menu in the navigation bar, which will display in the settings.</li>
<li>Then expand the “Advanced” option to display “Privacy and security.” From there, open “Content settings” and “Cookies.”</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="manage-your-cookies" class="color-blue">Manage your cookies</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Every browser gives a range of options for enabling or deleting cookies.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Internet Explorer, for instance, allows to manage cookies under “Privacy” and “Advanced.”</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">In Chrome, find where cookies are stored as outlined above, then select your management options under “Cookies.”</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>What is Linked List in Data Structure with example ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-linked-list-in-data-structure-with-example/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 15:28:48 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : A linked list is a sequence of data structures, which are connected...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="what-is-linked-list-in-data-structure-with-example" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">What is Linked List in Data Structure with example ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>A linked list is a sequence of <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-data-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">data structures</a>, which are connected together through links.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/tutorials/java/java-linked-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linked List</a> is a sequence of links which contains objects. Each link contains a connection to another link. Linked list is the second most-used data structure after array.
<ul>
<li><b>Link − </b>Each link of a linked list can store a data called an element.</li>
<li><b>Next − </b>Each link of a linked list contains a link to the next link called Next.</li>
<li><b>LinkedList −</b> A Linked List contains the connection link to the first link called First.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>A linked list consists of nodes where each node contains a data field and a reference(link) to the next node in the list.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/linked-list-in-data-structure.png" alt="Linked List in Data Structure" /></div>
<div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="types-of-linked-lists" class="color-purple">Types of Linked Lists</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Singly linked list</li>
<li>Doubly linked list</li>
<li>Circular linked list</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subheading" style="text-align: justify;">
<h2 id="singly-linked-list">Singly linked list</h2>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>A <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/python-programming-select-random-node-singly-linked-list/">singly linked list</a> is Item navigation is forward only.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/singly-linked-list.png" alt="Singly Linked List" /></div>
</div>
<div class="subheading" style="text-align: justify;">
<h2 id="doubly-linked-list">Doubly linked list</h2>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>A doubly linked list is a list that has two references, one to the next node and another to previous node.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/doubly-linked-list.gif" alt="Doubly linked list" /></div>
<div>
<div class="subheading" style="text-align: justify;">
<h2 id="circular-linked-list">Circular linked list</h2>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Another important type of a linked list is called a <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/circular-linked-list-introduction-applications/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">circular linked list</a> where last node of the list points back to the first node (or the head) of the list.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/circular-linked-list.jpg" alt="Circular linked list" /></div>
</div>
<div class="subheading" style="text-align: justify;">
<h2 id="doubly-circular-linked-list">Doubly Circular linked list</h2>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Circular doubly linked list is a type of data structure in which a node contain pointers to its previous node as well as the next node.</li>
<li>Circular doubly linked list doesn&#8217;t contain NULL in any of the node.</li>
<li>The last node contains the address of the first node of the list. The first node also contain address of the last node in its previous pointer.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/doubly-circular-linked-list.jpg" alt="Doubly Circular linked list" /></div>
<div>
<h2 id="sample-code" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Sample Code:</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-javascript code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-javascript code-embed-code">#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;<br/>#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;<br/>int main()<br/>{<br/>   struct node<br/>   {<br/>      int num;<br/>      struct node *ptr;<br/>   };<br/>   typedef struct node NODE;<br/>   NODE *head, *first, *temp=0;<br/>   int count = 0;<br/>   int choice = 1;<br/>   first = 0;<br/>   while(choice)<br/>   {<br/>      head =(NODE*) malloc(sizeof(NODE));<br/>      printf(&quot;Enter the data item: &quot;);<br/>      scanf(&quot;%d&quot;, &amp;head-&gt; num);<br/>      if(first != 0)<br/>      {<br/>         temp-&gt;ptr = head;temp = head;<br/>      }<br/>      else<br/>      {<br/>         first = temp = head;<br/>      }<br/>      fflush(stdin);<br/>      printf(&quot;Do you want to continue(Type 0 or 1)?\n\n&quot;);<br/>      scanf(&quot;%d&quot;, &amp;choice);<br/>   }<br/>   temp-&gt;ptr = 0;<br/>   temp = first; /* reset temp to the beginning*/<br/>   printf(&quot;\n Status of the linked list is\n&quot;);<br/>   while(temp!=0)<br/>   {<br/>      printf(&quot;%d=&gt;&quot;, temp-&gt;num);<br/>      count++;<br/>      temp = temp -&gt; ptr;<br/>   }<br/>   printf(&quot;NULL\n&quot;);<br/>   printf(&quot;No. of nodes in the list = %d\n&quot;, count);<br/>   return 0;<br/>}</code></pre> </div>
<h2 id="output" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Output:</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-markdown code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-markdown code-embed-code">Enter the data item: 10<br/>Do you want to continue &lt;Type 0 or 1&gt;?<br/>1<br/>Enter the data item: 20<br/>Do you want to continue&lt;Type 0 or 1&gt;?<br/>1<br/>Enter the data item: 30<br/>Do you want to continue&lt;Type 0 or 1&gt;?<br/>0<br/>Status of the Linked List is<br/>10=&gt;20=&gt;30=&gt;NULL<br/>No.of nodes in the list = 3</code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="advantages-of-linked-list" class="color-purple">Advantages of Linked List</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Linked list is dynamic in nature which allocates the memory when required.</li>
<li>In linked list, stack and queue can be easily executed.</li>
<li>It reduces the access time.</li>
<li>Insert and delete operation can be easily implemented in linked list.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="disadvantages-of-linked-list" class="color-purple">Disadvantages of Linked List</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Reverse traversing is difficult in linked list.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Linked list has to access each node sequentially; no element can be accessed randomly.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">In linked list, the memory is wasted as pointer requires extra memory for storage.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>Difference between Stack and Heap ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/difference-between-stack-and-heap/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 15:22:24 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Stack has very fast to access...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="difference-between-stack-and-heap" class="color-pink">Difference between Stack and Heap ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content table-responsive">
<div class="hddn">
<table class="table-bordered table-striped table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Stack</th>
<th>Heap</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Stack has very fast to access.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Heap has slower to access while compared to stack.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Limit on stack size depends<br />
on OS.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">No limit on memory size.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Stack variables cannot be resized.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Heap variables can be resized using realloc() method.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">In Stack,space is managed efficiently by CPU,<br />
memory will not become fragmented.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">There is no guaranteed efficient use of space, memory may become fragented over time as blocks of memory are allocated, then freed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Manage memory during allocating and freeing variables.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Don&#8217;t have to explicitly de-allocate variables.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Stack to accessed only local variables.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Heap variables can be accessed globally.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Stack memory is used only by<br />
one thread of execution.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Heap memory is used by all the parts of the application</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">The stack is always reserved<br />
in a LIFO order, the most recently reserved block<br />
is always the next block to be freed.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Element of the heap have no dependencies with each other and can always be accessed randomly at any time.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/difference-between-stack-and-heap.png" alt=" Difference Between Stack and Heap" /></div>
</div>
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		<title>What is Queue in Data Structure ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 15:12:27 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : A queue is a container of objects (a linear collection) that are inserted...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="what-is-queue-in-data-structure" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">What is Queue in Data Structure ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>A queue is a container of objects (a linear collection) that are inserted and removed according to the first-in first-out (FIFO) principle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/first-in-first-out.gif" alt="Queue(FIFO)" /></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Here the first element is inserted from one end called REAR and deleted from the other end called as FRONT.</li>
<li>Front points to the beginning of the queue and Rear points to the end of the queue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-enqueue-dequeue.gif" alt="Enqueue Dequeue" /></div>
</div>
<div class="text-center row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div id="bsa-zone_1590522538159-8_123456"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="operations-on-queue" class="color-green">Operations on Queue</h2>
</div>
</div>
<table class="table-bordered table-striped table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operation</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">enqueue()</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">This function defines the operation for adding an element into queue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">dequeue()</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">This function defines the operation for removing an element from queue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">init()</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">This function is used for initializing the queue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Front</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Front is used to get the front data item from a queue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Rear</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Rear is used to get the last item from a queue.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="queue-implementation" class="color-green">Queue Implementation</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-queue-in-data-structure.png" alt=" Queue in Data Structure" /></div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Array is the easiest way to implement a queue. Queue can be also implemented using Linked List or Stack.</li>
<li>Front and Rear of the queue point at the first index of the array. (Array index starts from 0).</li>
<li>While adding an element into the queue, the Rear keeps on moving ahead and always points to the position where the next element will be inserted. Front remains at the first index.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="sample-code" class="color-blue">Sample Code</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-javascript code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-javascript code-embed-code">import java.io.*;<br/>class Queue <br/>{ <br/>    int front, rear, size; <br/>    int  capacity; <br/>    int array[]; <br/>       <br/>    public Queue(int capacity) { <br/>         this.capacity = capacity; <br/>         front = this.size = 0;  <br/>         rear = capacity - 1; <br/>         array = new int[this.capacity]; <br/>            <br/>    } <br/>       <br/>    // Queue is full when size becomes equal to  <br/>    // the capacity  <br/>    boolean isFull(Queue queue) <br/>    {  return (queue.size == queue.capacity); <br/>    } <br/>       <br/>    // Queue is empty when size is 0 <br/>    boolean isEmpty(Queue queue) <br/>    {  return (queue.size == 0); } <br/>       <br/>    // Method to add an item to the queue.  <br/>    // It changes rear and size <br/>    void enqueue( int items) <br/>    { <br/>        if (isFull(this)) <br/>            return; <br/>        this.rear = (this.rear + 1)%this.capacity; <br/>        this.array[this.rear] = items; <br/>        this.size = this.size + 1; <br/>        System.out.println(items+ &quot; enqueued to the queue&quot;); <br/>    } <br/>       <br/>    // Method to remove an item from queue.   <br/>    // It changes front and size <br/>    int dequeue() <br/>    { <br/>        if (isEmpty(this)) <br/>            return Integer.MIN_VALUE; <br/>           <br/>        int item = this.array[this.front]; <br/>        this.front = (this.front + 1)%this.capacity; <br/>        this.size = this.size - 1; <br/>        return item; <br/>    } <br/>       <br/>    // Method to get front of queue <br/>    int front() <br/>    { <br/>        if (isEmpty(this)) <br/>            return Integer.MIN_VALUE; <br/>           <br/>        return this.array[this.front]; <br/>    } <br/>        <br/>    // Method to get rear of queue <br/>    int rear() <br/>    { <br/>        if (isEmpty(this)) <br/>            return Integer.MIN_VALUE; <br/>           <br/>        return this.array[this.rear]; <br/>    } <br/>} <br/>   <br/>    <br/>// Driver class <br/>public class Test <br/>{ <br/>    public static void main(String[] args)  <br/>    { <br/>        Queue q1 = new Queue(1000); <br/>            <br/>        q1.enqueue(7); <br/>        q1.enqueue(8); <br/>        q1.enqueue(18); <br/>        q1.enqueue(25); <br/>        <br/>        System.out.println(q1.dequeue() +  <br/>                     &quot; dequeued from the queue\n&quot;); <br/>        <br/>        System.out.println(&quot;Front item is &quot; +  <br/>                               q1.front()); <br/>           <br/>        System.out.println(&quot;Rear item is &quot; +  <br/>                                q1.rear()); <br/>    } <br/>}</code></pre> </div>
<h2 id="output" class="color-blue">Output</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-markdown code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-markdown code-embed-code">7 enqueued to the queue<br/>8 enqueued to the queue<br/>18 enqueued to the queue<br/>12 enqueued to the queue<br/>7 dequeued from the queue<br/><br/>Front item is 8<br/>Rear item is 25</code></pre> </div>
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		<title>What is Stack in Data Structure ?</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 15:04:54 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : A stack is a container of objects that are performed...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="what-is-stack-in-data-structure" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">What is Stack in Data Structure ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>A stack is a container of objects that are performed based on last-in first-out (LIFO) principle.</li>
<li>A stack is a limited access data structure-elements can be added and removed from the stack only at the top. A stack is a recursive data structure.</li>
<li>The structural definition of a Stack is either empty or it consists of a top and the rest.</li>
<li>There are two basic operations performed in a Stack they are:</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Push()</li>
<li>Pop()</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Push()-push function is used to add or insert new item into the stack.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/push-operation.gif" alt="POP Operation" /></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Pop()-pop function is used to delete or remove an item from the stack.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/pop-operation.gif" alt=" Push Operation" /></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>When a stack is completely full, it is said to be Overflow state and if stack is completely empty, it is said to be Underflow state.</li>
<li>Stack allows operations at one end only.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="other-operations-used-in-stack" class="color-blue">Other operations used in Stack</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Peek()-The peek() function gets the top element of the stack, without deleting it.</li>
<li>isEmpty() -The isEmpty() function checks whether the stack is empty or not.</li>
<li>isFull()-The isFull() function is used to check whether the stack is full or not.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="features-of-stacks" class="color-green">Features of stacks</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Dynamic data structures</li>
<li>Do not have a fixed size</li>
<li>Do not consume a fixed amount of memory</li>
<li>Size of stack changes with each push() and pop() operation. Each push() and pop() operation increases and decreases the size of the stack by 1, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="implementation-of-stack" class="color-purple">Implementation of Stack</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/stack-in-data-structure.png" alt=" Stack in Data Structure" /></div>
<div>
<h2 id="sample-code" class="color-blue">Sample Code</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-javascript code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-javascript code-embed-code">import java.io.*;<br/><br/><br/>/* Java program to implement basic stack <br/>operations */<br/>class Stack <br/>{ <br/>    static final int MAX = 1000; <br/>    int top; <br/>    int a[] = new int[MAX]; // Maximum size of Stack <br/>  <br/>    boolean isEmpty() <br/>    { <br/>        return (top &lt; 0); <br/>    } <br/>    Stack() <br/>    { <br/>        top = -1; <br/>    } <br/>  <br/>    boolean push(int b) <br/>    { <br/>        if (top &gt;= (MAX-1)) <br/>        { <br/>            System.out.println(&quot;Stack Overflow&quot;); <br/>            return false; <br/>        } <br/>        else<br/>        { <br/>            a[++top] = b; <br/>            System.out.println(b + &quot; pushed into the stack&quot;); <br/>            return true; <br/>        } <br/>    } <br/>  <br/>    int pop() <br/>    { <br/>        if (top &lt; 0) <br/>        { <br/>            System.out.println(&quot;Stack Underflow&quot;); <br/>            return 0; <br/>        } <br/>        else<br/>        { <br/>            int b = a[top--]; <br/>            return b; <br/>        } <br/>    } <br/>} <br/>  <br/>// Driver code <br/>class Main <br/>{ <br/>    public static void main(String args[]) <br/>    { <br/>        Stack s1 = new Stack(); <br/>        s1.push(80); <br/>        s1.push(75); <br/>        s1.push(90); <br/>        System.out.println(s1.pop() + &quot; Popped from the stack&quot;); <br/>    } <br/>}</code></pre> </div>
<h2 id="output" class="color-blue">Output</h2>
</div>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-javascript code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-javascript code-embed-code">80 pushed into the stack<br/>75 pushed into the stack<br/>90 pushed into the stack<br/>80 Popped from the stack</code></pre> </div>
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