What is the differences among Issued, Paid-Up, Authorised, Subscribed capitals ?

Editor — Wed, 04 Aug 2021 05:37:16 +0000

It means the capital elevated by the issue of shares. The Amount invested by the shareholders towards the face value of shares is collectively known as share capital. It can be divided into some Categories:
- Authorized Capital
- Paid-Up Capital
- Issued Capital
- Subscribed Capital

Authorized Capital

The high amount of share capital a company is allowed to raise is called its authorized capital.
But does’t limit the number of shares a company may issue, it does put a maximum on the total amount of money that can be raised by the sale of those shares.

Paid-Up Capital is the amount of cash a company has been paid from shareholders in exchange for shares of its stock.
Paid-up capital is created when a company sells its shares on the primary market, directly to investors.
Paid-up capital is important because it’s capital that is not borrowed.
A company that is fully paid-up has retailed all available shares and thus cannot increase its capital unless it uses money by taking on balance.
Paid-up capital can never exceed authorized share capital. In other words, the authorized share capital represents the upward bound on possible paid-up capital.

An Issued capital refers to small value of that part of authorized capital which has been subscribed for by the signatories to the Memo of Association or allotted for cash or for consideration other than cash or allotted as bonus share.

When a company organizes to “go public” by issuing stock for the first time, investors can submit an application expressing their desire to participate.
Subscribed share capital refers to the financial value of all the shares for which investors have expressed an interest.

Editor — Sat, 17 Jul 2021 20:15:35 +0000

Authorization is a security mechanism to determine access levels or user/client privileges related to system resources.
Including files, services, computer programs, data and application features.
This is the process of granting or denying access to a network resource which allows the user access to various resources based on the user’s identity.
There are two types of authorization
- Server-side Authorization
- Client-side Authorization

The server has three authorization modes. Depending on the authorization mode we choose, the server will decide if it accepts or declines an incoming invocation.

A client will be allowed to use a grid service if the client’s identity is the same as the service’s identity.

A gridmap is a list of ‘authorized users’ akin to an ACL (Access Control List).
When this type of authorization is used, only the users that are listed in the service’s gridmap may invoke it.

This allows the client to figure out when it will allow a grid service to be invoked.
This might seem like an odd type of authorization, since authorization is generally seen from the server’s perspective (“Do I allow client FOO to connect to grid service BAR?”).
However, in GSI, clients have every right to be picky about the services they can access.

The client will authorize an invocation if the service’s identity is the same as the client.
If we use both client-side and server-side Self authorization, a service can be invoked if and only if its identity matches the client’s.

The client will authorize an invocation if the host returns an identity containing the hostname.
This is done using host certificates.