• Electronics engineering is a designing order which uses non-direct and dynamic electrical segments, (for example, semiconductor gadgets, particularly transistors, diodes and incorporated circuits) to plan electronic circuits, gadgets, Microprocessors/Microcontrollers and frameworks including VHDL Modeling for Programmable rationale gadgets and FPGAs.
• The control regularly additionally outlines inactive electrical parts, typically in view of printed circuit sheets.

• The first and most thing you should do as a starting step to be a professional engineer, is to get a degree in electronics and communication.
• If you want to be a professional engineer in Embedded System design or VLSI design (two most prominent field of electronics), there are institutes like CDAC, Vector India, VEDAIIT, Maven Silicon and many more which offer short term or long term courses in these fields. Not only that you also get the advantage of being placed in any leading electronics company.
• If you want to be a professional engineer in PCB designing, you need to have good working knowledge on design tools like CAD, ORCAD, and Eagle etc. You even need to have basic knowledge about PCB designing and mounting.
• If you want to be a professional engineer in VLSI or chip designing, you must have working knowledge in tools like Xilinx, Magic etc and of course must have good VLSI programming skills.
• It is not only the knowledge of software tools that can make you a professional engineer, but also good technical skills.
• These skills can be having practical knowledge in circuit mounting, soldering or PCB designing , practical knowledge in installation of networking products like routers, switches etc, practical knowledge of working with home automation devices like PLCs or practical knowledge of operating electronic equipments like Oscilloscopes, Wave Generators, Pulse Generators etc.
• As a fresher, you can apply for the position of trainee or intern at any reputed company. If you are GATE or NET qualified, you can always apply for the position of research fellowships at any Government recognized research institutes.
• A fresher with good theoretical knowledge about subjects related to electronics and communication can also opt for being a technical writer in the field of electronics and communication. Remember this might prove to be a great asset in increasing your exposure to the field of electronics.

• RX Lev Full means Mobile transmit the measurement report(SACCH multiframe) for every 480ms.
• This multiframe containes 104 TDMA frames, in 104 TDMA frames 4 TDMA frames for Decode the BSIC and remaining 100 TDMA frames for Average measurment of serving cell and neighbouring cell.
• This average measurment of 100 TDMA frames are RX Lev Full.

• DTX is a discontinuous trasmission, When the mobile conversation 40% of the time either Transmitter or Receive is idle. When DTX is ON, DTX will switch off the Transmitter or Receiver when they is no speech Pulses.
• Only few TDMA frames will transmit, the average of this TDMA frames is called RX Lev Sub, give you proper measurement of RX level.

• A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a telecommunication system.

• The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radiotransmitter receivers. It is the defining element for each cell .
• The BTS communicates with the mobiles and the interface between the two is known as the Um interface with its associated protocols.
• The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network. It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the BTSs in its group.
• It manages the radio resources and controls items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates channels.
• It communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis interface.
• The main element within the core network area of the overall GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC).
• It provides registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC handovers and call routing to a mobile subscriber.

• Current used in GSM telecom equipment is DC current.

• Logic is very simple. AC can’t be stored and DC can be stored.
• Example : Mobile is a GSM device in which DC is used to charge the batteries.

• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a second-generation digital mobile telephone standard using a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
• It is used for three digital wireless telephone technologies such as CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), GSM and TDMA.
• GSM digitizes and compresses voice data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its particular time slot.
• It works at either the 900, 1800 or 1,900MHz frequency bands.

• Yes we can connect two or more energy meters/Amp meters on one CT set. Actually current always flow in series. So put one wire from ct s1 and connect on first energy meter s1 and put one wire from s2 of first energy meter and connect on s1 of second energy meter and second energy meters s2 connect on ct’s s2.
• Then your current path become fine and there will be same rating in two energy meter which is connected.
• Like this all phase CT can be connected on energy meter and by making the phase voltage line on meter parallel.

Putting CTs in parallel

• All of the transformers (CTs) should have a similar nominal ratio, in spite of the rating of the circuits during which they’re connected.
• The secondary leads should be paralleled at the meter and not at this electrical device.
• There ought to be only 1 ground on the secondary facet of all transformers at their common purpose at the meter.
• Use fashionable current transformers with low exciting currents and, therefore, very little shunting impact once one or a lot of current transformers ar floating at no load. (Three of a lot of floating current transformers might have a control that ought to be investigated).
• The secondary circuits should be designed so the utmost potential burden on any electrical device won’t exceed its rating. The burden ought to be unbroken as low as potential as its effects are increased in direct proportion to the sq. of the overall secondary current. A Common voltage should be available for the meter. This condition is met if the circuits share a standard bus that’s ordinarily operated with closed bus ties.
• Burdens and accuracies should be fastidiously calculated. If changes are created at the meter to atone for ration and point errors, the magnitude relation and point error corrections used should represent the complete combination of transformers connected as a unit.
• The watt hour meters should be of adequate current capability to hold while not overload errors the combined currents from all the transformers to that it’s connected.
• Low-voltage, low-burden-capability current transformers don’t seem to be suited to the current application since the burden imposed on parallel secondary is also terribly high.
• Meter voltage typically is supplied with a throw-over relay to avoid loss of meter voltage within the event the conventional provide is de-energized.

• Meter rev constant means rev/ kwh.

• Then one rotation = 60×60/400 or 9kws.

• 2 rotations = 18kws.

• Time taken is 30s.

• Then the av load is 18/ 30 or 0.6 kw.

• To calculate whether this Energy Meter is slow or fast using this formula.

Slowness/Fastness=Tc−To/To X 100

• Yes,it surely does. Actually capacitor bank feeds the inductive load with a part of KVAR which it takes from the main power supply line.
• Hence it reduces the power demanded by the main line in other words the inductive lags the power factor and the capacitive loads improves it by supplying the certain amount of KVAR.
• Power is calculated for a 3 phase CCT as 1.73 x Voltage x Ampere x PF.
• When capacitor is connected in parallel the PF is improved but the actual current is proportionately, So we don’t see any power being consumed less.

• Stepper motors are DC motors that move in discrete steps. They have multiple coils that are organized in groups called “phases”. By energizing each phase in sequence, the motor will rotate, one step at a time. With a computer controlled stepping you can achieve very precise positioning and/or speed control.

• Permanent magnet motors use a static magnet (PM) within the rotor and operate the attraction or repulsion between the rotor PM and also the stator coil electromagnets.

• Hybrid stepper motors are named because they use a mixture of static magnet (PM) and variable reluctance (VR) techniques to attain most power in an exceedingly little package size.

• Variable Reluctance (VR) motors have a comprehensible iron rotor and operate supported the principle that minimum reluctance happens with minimum gap, hence the rotor points are attracted toward the mechanical device magnet poles.

• Short Transmission Line
• Medium Transmission Line
• Long Transmission Line

Short Transmission Line

• A transmission line having its length under 80 kilometer is taken into account as a short transmission line. In short transmission line capacitance is neglected due to little leak current and alternative parameters (resistance and inductance) ar lumped within the transmission line.

• Medium length transmission lines are “the transmission lines whose length is between 80 kilometer and 250 km”. The voltage transmission ability of those medium length transmission lines is around 20 kilovolt to 100 kilovolt.
• For a medium transmission line, charging current is substantial and due to the length of the line the shunt admittance plays a significant role in the calculation of the effective parameters of the line.
• The shunt admittance and series impedance are considered as a lumped parameter of the medium transmission line. The medium transmission line is shown below in the diagram.

• Many localized capacitance models have been used to make approximate line performance calculations. The following models are commonly used.
  • Nominal T model
  • Nominal ∏ (pi) model

• A power transmission line with its effective length of around 250 Kms or higher than is stated as an extended transmission line. The line constants area unit uniformly distributed over the whole length of line.

• To provide proper cooling.
• To provide proper insulation.
• And it has all the necessary important properties like high ignition tempratue.,no sludge formation, low resistance to imulsion,etc.

• A = Appearing as a first letter denotes Aluminium Conductor.
• Y = PVC Insulation or PVC Sheath depending on the position in which it appears.
• 2X = 2-X (Cross-linked Polyethylene) Insulation.
• W = Round Steel Wire Armouring.
• WW = Double Round Steel Wire Armouring.
• F = Formed Steel Wire (Strip) Armouring.
• FF = Double Formed Steel Wire (Strip) Armouring.
• C = Metallic Screening (Usually of Copper).
• CE = Metallic Screening (usually of Copper) over each individual core.
• WA = Aluminium Round Wire & Aluminium Formed Wire (Strip) Armouring.

Types	Description
AYY	AYY Aluminium Conductor, PVC Insulated, PVC Outer Sheathed.
AYWY	AYWY Aluminium Conductor, PVC Insulated, Galvanised Round Steel Wire Armoured and PVC Outer Sheathed.
AYFY	AYFY Aluminium Conductor, PVC Insulated, Galvanised Flat Steel Wire (Strip) Armoured and PVC Outer Sheathed Cable.
AYCY	AYCY Aluminium Conductor, PVC Insulated, Metallic Screened and PVC Outer Sheathed.
A2XCY	A2XCY Aluminium Conductor, XLPE Insulated, Metallic Screened and PVC Outer Sheathed.
AYCEFY	AYCEFY Aluminium Conductor, PVC Insulated, individual core metallic screened, Flat steel Wire (strip) Armoured and PVC Outer Sheathed.
A2XCEFY	A2XCEFY Aluminium Conductor, XLPE Insulated, individual cores metallic screened, Flat Steel Wire (Strip) Armoured and PVC Outer Sheathed.

• AYFY Means Alluminum PVC Insulated Flat strip armour and PVC outer sheeth cable .
• AYFY stands for,
  • A-Aluminum
  • Y-inner sheath for insulation
  • F- Flat armored (There is one more thing WOUND ARMOURED).
  • Y-outer sheath of insulation.

Here we provide coordination chart link for required rating and model of MCCB.

• Molded case circuit breakers are a type of electrical protection device that is generally used for a wide range of voltages, and frequencies of both 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
• The main distinctions between molded-case and miniature circuit breaker are that the MCCB can have current ratings of up to 2,500 amperes, and its trip settings are usually adjustable.

• Currents above the rated value that last longer than what is normal for the application.

• During a fault such as a short circuit or line fault, there are very high currents that must be interrupted directly.

• This is a less common function of circuit breakers, but they can be used for that purpose if there isn’t a suitable manual switch.

• The connection should be made at an appropriate point to cover only the necessary loads.
• Permanent generators are best connected through a fixed arrangement, while smaller temporary generator connections can be made via plug and socket arrangement.

• When the power factor is unity, then industries receive active power or useful power only i.e KW=KVA.
• If it is lagging PF, the industries receive both useful power(KW) and reactive power(useless power)(KVAr).
• To meet this reactive power, distribution transformer capacity also to be increased.Then only we can avoid low voltage,losses etc. So we have to provide APFC panel to bring the pf to unity.

• APFC or Automatic Power Factor Control Panels are used for the improvement of Power Factor.

• Power Factor is defined as ratio of active power to apparent power and it is a key factor in measuring electrical consumption.

• Maintains high constant Power Factor.
• High efficiency.
• In-built independent fuses.
• Protection from excess power in the system.
• Prevents leading Power Factor in low load conditions.
• Obviously marked buttons and indicators.
• Minimizes harmonic current.
• Easy to use.
• Corrosion-resistant.
• Long lasting.
• Electrical insulation.
• Protects electrical equipments.

• Windmills
• Monitoring current harmonics
• Process controllers
• Micro processors
• LT & HT factories
• Electrical installations
• Line voltage analysis

• Textile Machineries
• Printing Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• CNC Machine
• Hospitals
• Film Industry
• Food Processing industry
• Resorts
• Hostels
• Farm house
• Engineering Plant
• Automobile Industry
• IT industry

• IP55 does not indicate sealing of the motor external surface, it can mean sealing the bearings, and totally protecting motor windings and all connections with resin, a plastic cover, or both.

• It gives the Complete protection against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure.
• Protection from water, up to water projected by a nozzle against enclosure from any direction.
• Available in wall-mounted, free standing, trough, and JIC box.
• Custom with cutouts, insulation, hinges, latches, or locks.

• PTZ stands for Pan, Tilt, and Zoom.
• It’s easy to take charge and instruct the camera to move the camera from left to right (pan), or up and down (tilt), or even to zoom in for a close-up that can provide significantly greater feature.
• PTZ cameras provide mechanical control, even after the camera is firmly mounted in position.
• This camera allows degree of real-time control, taking your security capabilities to a whole new level. Other options include IP wireless transmission, so you can not only view imagery remotely, you can even control the camera remotely.

• The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the system as when required.
• Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works.
• Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power.
• Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load.
• Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in the line.
• Isolators are generally used on both ends of the breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without any danger.