Shell Infotech interview questions and answers - Wikitechy

What is the difference between shell script and perl ?

Editor — Thu, 22 Jul 2021 04:09:14 +0000

What is the difference between shell script and perl ?

Shell Script	Perl
Shell script is a dependent platform only for Unix OS.	Perl is OS independent.
Shell script is a scripting language.	Perl is a programming language.
Scripting language need not be compliled.	Perl compiles the program before executing the script.
Shell Scripting using one or more built-in scripting languages.	Perl using only one scripting language.

What are Tickets in Realtime ?

Editor — Wed, 21 Jul 2021 14:38:46 +0000

Tickets in Real-Time

It means that the ticket you’re currently in is automatically refreshed when it’s modified, with any changes highlighted in green.
Sometimes, a different agent may submit a reply or change a ticket property (such as an assignee, tag or ticket type). Other times, ticket properties may be changed by a trigger, automation or a macro.
It could even be a new reply from your customer. In either case, your agents will be able to see these changes reflected in their help desk instantaneously.
- Ticket view
- Ticket filters
- Ticket list

Tickets in Real-Time

Ticket view

For example you’re viewing a ticket, here’s what will happen if another agent submits their own changes. All ticket property changes (including those changed by a trigger, automation or macro) will be highlighted in green & your previously made changes reset.
- ticket status
- assignee
- email
- CC
- subject
- tags
- priority
- type

New replies will have a green background with “NEW” appearing in the ticket header. If you’ve been working on a reply, it will remain intact.
New internal notes will have an orange background with “NEW” appearing in the ticket header. If you’ve been working on a reply, it will remain intact.
If a ticket is deleted while you’re viewing it, the ticket will disappear and you’ll see “Ticket #123 has been deleted by (agent’s name)”.

Ticket filters

Ticket filters (also known as ticket views) organize tickets according to your workflows and also displayed in real-time.
When a new, shared (i.e. visible to all agents) filter is created, a private filter is made shared or vice versa.
When the filter’s name is changed. If the search query or sorting properties are changed, they will not be reflected in real-time.
When a ticket appears or disappears from a filter, the number nearby the filter will be changed consequently.
When a new ticket appears or disappears from a filter you’re currently in.

Ticket list

The ticket list is the middle column which shows a list of tickets matching your current search query or filter. When new tickets are added, moved or deleted they will appear or disappear from the ticket list immediately.
Finally, check out Agent collision detection in tickets. It helps you see who is viewing, updating or replying to a ticket.

What is IC web client Launcher ?

Editor — Wed, 21 Jul 2021 14:37:05 +0000

What is IC web client launcher ?

The Internet dealings Server (ITS) shopper is that the system shopper wherever the launch transactions area unit dead once agents use the IC WebClient.You would like to log in to the remote system (for example, SAP ERP) to assemble the data required to take care of the computer address, however the settings area unit created within the CRM system.
The Interaction Center (IC) WebClient could be a thin-client, highly-optimized desktop application for interaction center agents. It provides a framework for process IC WebClient functions.

What technology used at presentation layer for displaying GUI to SAP user ?

Editor — Wed, 21 Jul 2021 14:35:13 +0000

SAP applications using the classic screen technology are displayed for the end user using the SAP GUI. The screen can contain a set of predefined elements or GUI controls.
The SAP GUI is used to display selection screens, messages, and classic lists from an ABAP program on the user’s screen.
Selection screens are special screens that can be defined without using Screen Painter. When an ABAP program is activated, the ABAP runtime environment activates all of the required screens with all of their parts.
Messages are short texts that are displayed in a dialog box or in the status line of the current SAP GUI window.

What is indexing in database ?

Editor — Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:36:39 +0000

What is Indexing in Database ?

Indexing is the One of the ways that will optimize the database searching and accessing is having indexes on the columns that access the data in a database table.
An index object is created in database with the column/columns value that are mentioned while creating the index.
The value in the index holds the row id of the physical data location in the database which helps for fast data retrieval of the corresponding rows.

Types Of Index

Clustered indexes define the physical sorting of a database table’s rows in the storage media. For this reason, each database table may have only one clustered index.
Non-clustered indexes are created outside of the database table and contain a sorted list of references to the table itself.

Cluster & Non Clustered Index

Advantages of Indexes

Indexes their use in queries usually results in much better performance.
Make it possible to quickly retrieve (fetch) data.
They can be used for sorting. A post-fetch-sort operation can be eliminated.
Unique indexes guarantee uniquely identifiable records in the database.

Disadvantages of Indexes

They decrease performance on inserts, updates, and deletes.
It will take up space (this increases with the number of fields used and the length of the fields).
Some databases will monocase values in fields that are indexed.

What is Normalization ?

Editor — Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:33:39 +0000

Normalization is the process of reorganizing data in a database. They have two basic requirements they are:
- No redundancy of data.
- Logical as data dependencies.
To normalize a database, we divide the database into tables and establish relationships between the tables.
Database normalization can essentially be defined as the practice of optimizing table structures.
Optimization is accomplished as a result of a thorough investigation of the various pieces of data that will be stored within the database, in particular concentrating upon how this data is interrelated.

Types of Normalization

1NF
2NF
3NF
BCNF
4NF
5NF

First Normal Form (1NF)

The First Normal Form should be following some rules in table,
- It should only have single(atomic) valued attributes/columns.
- Values stored in a column should be of the same domain
- All the columns in a table should have unique names.
- And the order in which data is stored, does not matter.

Second Normal Form (2NF)

For a table to be in the Second Normal Form,
- It should be in the First Normal form.
- And, it should not have Partial Dependency.

Third Normal Form (3NF)

A table is said to be in the Third Normal Form when,
- It is in the Second Normal form.
- And, it doesn’t have Transitive Dependency.

Boyce and Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Boyce and Codd Normal Form is a higher version of the Third Normal form. This form deals with certain type of anomaly that is not handled by 3NF. A 3NF table which does not have multiple overlapping candidate keys is said to be in BCNF.
For a table to be in BCNF, following conditions must be satisfied:
- R must be in 3rd Normal Form and, for each functional dependency ( X → Y ), X should be a super Key.

Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

A table is said to be in the Fourth Normal Form when,
- It is in the Boyce-Codd Normal Form.
- And, it doesn’t have Multi-Valued Dependency.

Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

Fifth Normal Form (5NF), also known as project-join normal form (PJ/NF) is a level of database normalization designed to reduce redundancy in relational databases recording multi-valued facts by isolating semantically related multiple relationships.
A relation R is in Fifth Normal Form (5NF) and only if the following conditions are satisfied simultaneously,
- R is already in 4NF.
- It cannot be further non-loss decomposed.

Design a database for a hierarchical data like country, state, zone, street etc., The tags and length of the hierarchy are not specific and they can change anytime ?

Editor — Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:31:55 +0000

Hierarchical data

Hierarchical data is a common relational data pattern for representing tree-like data structures, such as an organizational structure, a project breakdown list, or even a family tree.

In relational database model, One thing to remember is that flexibility in keys.
We have the flexibility to design the database, it might be worth having multiple geometry types for certain data types.
For example, having a city represented as a polygon would be useful to perform spatial queries to determine all points of interest within that city.
At the same time, it is oftentimes more desirable to represent a city as a point on a map. The database allows you to do this by separating the attribute data from the features into their own table, and linking them together with a Primary Key/Foreign Key structure.

Primary Key:

A Primary Key is an identifier for a record in a table.

Foreign Key:

A Foreign Key is a reference to that same identifier in a different table, thus linking them together.

CREATE DATABASE testDB:

We want to includes this tables to the database:
Continent – Fields – Geom (Polygon), ID(Primary Key), Name, Etc

CREATE TABLE Continent (
    ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    Geom_Polygon varchar(255),
    Age int
);

Country – Fields – Geom (Polygon), ID, Name, Continent ID(Foreign Key)

CREATE TABLE Country (
    ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    Geom_Polygon varchar(255),
    Continent_id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Continent (ID)
);

Region:

If there are different levels of regions within a country, then we would have them as different layers.
So, if a country has regions called districts, and a number of districts combine to form a state, which then combine to form the country, you would have a layer for each type.
Reg_State – Fields – Geom (Polygon), ID (Primary Key), Name, Country ID, Etc

CREATE TABLE Reg_State (
    ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    Geom_Polygon varchar(255),
    Country_id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Country(ID)
);

Cities:

Have a table that contains attributes for each city, but no geometry.
Have geometry tables with different geometries, like point or polygon, that link to the main city table.
City_Info – Fields – CityID (Primary key), Name,Reg_District ID (Foreign Key), Etc,

CREATE TABLE City_Info (
    CityID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    Reg_District_id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES District(ID)
);

City_Pt – Fields – Geom (Point), ID, Name, CityID (Foreign Key)

CREATE TABLE City_Pt (
    ID int NOT NULL,
    Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    Geom_Point varchar(255),
    CityID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES City_Info(CityID )
);

City_Poly – Fields – Geom (Polygon), ID, Name, CityID (Foreign Key)

CREATE TABLE City_Poly (
    ID int NOT NULL,
    Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    Geom_Polygon varchar(255),
    CityID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES City_Info(CityID )
);

This is the one of the ways of setting up the database, again it depends on your specific needs for being able to link different pieces of data together.

Once the table structure is determined, the next part will be to set up queries to retrieve the information you want, for inclusion in a report or some sort of viewing application.

Characteristics of DBMS ?

Editor — Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:29:18 +0000

Characteristics of DBMS ?

D) all the above

Answer : D) all the above

What is DBMS ?

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to define manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database.
A DBMS mostly manipulates the data itself, the data format, field names, record structure and file structure. It also defines rules to validate and manipulate this data.
A DBMS relieves users of framing programs for data maintenance. Fourth-generation query languages, such as SQL, are used along with the DBMS package to interact with a database.
Some other DBMS examples include:
- MySQL
- SQL Server
- Oracle
- dBASE
- FoxPro

Characterstics of DBMS

Data abstraction and independence.
Data security.
A locking mechanism for concurrent access.
An efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same data.
The ability to swiftly recover from crashes and errors, including restartability and recoverability.
Robust data integrity capabilities.
Logging and auditing of activity.
Simple access using a standard application programming interface (API).
Uniform administration procedures for data.

Characteristics of DBMS

Advandages of DBMS

One of the most advantages of using a DBMS is that it lets end users and application programmers access and use the same data while managing data integrity.
Data is better protected and maintained when it can be shared using a DBMS instead of creating new iterations of the same data stored in new files for every new application.

What is DBMS ?

Editor — Mon, 19 Jul 2021 10:26:42 +0000

What is DBMS ?

DBMS is represented by the DataBase Management System. A database management system (DBMS) is a software that allows creation, definition and manipulation of database, allowing users to store, process and analyze data easily.
DBMS provide us with an interface or a tool, to perform various operations like creating database, storing data in it, updating data, creating tables in the database and a lot more.
DBMS also provides protection and security to the databases.
It also maintains data consistency in case of multiple users.
Here are some examples of popular DBMS used these days:
- MySQL
- Oracle
- SQL Server
- IBM DB2
- PostgreSQL
- Amazon Simple DB (cloud based) etc.

What is DBMS

Types of DBMS

Hierarchical Databse Model.
Network Databse Model.
Relational Databse Model.
Object-Oriented Databse Model.

Hierarchical Databse Model

In a Hierarchical database model, the data is organized in a tree-like structure.
Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up) format.
Data is represented using a parent-child relationship that are one to one or one to many.
In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, but children have only one parent.

Hierarchical database Model

Network Database Model

The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents.
If you need to address the model help us to more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship.
In this model, the entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.

Network Database Model

Relational Databse Model

Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest.
This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables.
Relational model stored in fixed structures and manipulated using SQL.

Relational Databse Model

Object-Oriented Databse Model

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects.
The structure which is called classes which display data within it. It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members values and operations.

Object-Oriented Databse Model

Advantages

Improved data sharing.
Improved data security.
Better data integration.
Minimized data inconsistency.
Improved data access.
Improved decision making.
Increased end-user productivity.

Disadvantages

Increased costs.
Management complexity.
Maintaining currency.
Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles.