sql case in where clause - Wikitechy https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/tag/sql-case-in-where-clause/ Interview Questions Thu, 09 Sep 2021 09:32:38 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.9.4 https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/cropped-wikitechy-icon-32x32.png sql case in where clause - Wikitechy https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/tag/sql-case-in-where-clause/ 32 32 What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE ? https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sql/what-is-the-difference-between-a-having-clause-and-a-where-clause/ https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sql/what-is-the-difference-between-a-having-clause-and-a-where-clause/#respond Sun, 18 Jul 2021 20:21:49 +0000 https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/?p=966

Where Clause Having Clause
WHERE clause can be used with – Select, Insert, and
Update statements.		 HAVING clause can only be used with the Select statement.
The WHERE search condition is applied before the
grouping operation occurs.		 The HAVING search condition is applied after the grouping operation occurs.
Aggregate functions cannot be used in the WHERE clause,
unless it is in a sub query contained in a HAVING clause.		 Aggregate functions can be used in Having clause.

Example of WHERE and HAVING clause

  • We have two tables Wikitechy_Employee and Department. Wikitechy_Employee contains details of employees e.g. id, name, age, salary and department id, while Department contains id and department name.
  • In order to show, which employee works for which department we need to join two tables on DEPT_ID to get the the department name.
  • Our requirement is to find how many employees are working in each department and average salary of department.
  • In order to use WHERE clause, we will only include employees who are earning more than 5000.
  • Before executing our query which contains WHERE, HAVING, and GROUP BY clause, let see data from Wikitechy_Employee and Department table:

SELECT * FROM Wikitechy_Employee;

EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_AGE EMP_SALARY DEPT_ID
1 George Orwell 23 10000 1
2 J.K. Rowling 24 7000 2
3 Kurt Vonnegut 25 8000 3
4 Virginia Woolf 27 6000 1
5 Ernest Hemingway 28 5000 2

SELECT * FROM Department;

DEPT_ID DEPT_NAME
1 Accounting
2 Marketing
3 Sales

Sample Code

SELECT d.DEPT_NAME,
count(e.EMP_NAME) as NUM_EMPLOYEE, 
avg(e.EMP_SALARY) as AVG_SALARY FROM Employee e,
Department d WHERE e.DEPT_ID=d.DEPT_ID AND EMP_SALARY > 5000 GROUP BY d.DEPT_NAME;

Output

DEPT_NAME NUM_EMPLOYEE AVG_SALARY AVG_SALARY
Accounting 1 8000
Marketing 1 7000
Sales 2 8000
  • From the number of employee (NUM_EMPLOYEE) column you can see that only Vijay who work for Marketing department is not included in result set because his earning 5000.
  • This example shows that, condition in WHERE clause is used to filter rows before you aggregate them and then HAVING clause comes in picture for final filtering, which is clear from following query, now Marketing department is excluded because it doesn’t pass condition in HAVING clause i..e AVG_SALARY > 7000

Sample Code

SELECT d.DEPT_NAME,
count(e.EMP_NAME) as NUM_EMPLOYEE,
avg(e.EMP_SALARY) as AVG_SALARY FROM Employee e,
Department d WHERE e.DEPT_ID=d.DEPT_ID AND EMP_SALARY > 5000 GROUP BY d.DEPT_NAMEHAVING AVG_SALARY > 7000;

Output

DEPT_NAME NUM_EMPLOYEE AVG_SALARY
Accounting 1 8000
Sales 2 8000
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