• Electronics engineering is a designing order which uses non-direct and dynamic electrical segments, (for example, semiconductor gadgets, particularly transistors, diodes and incorporated circuits) to plan electronic circuits, gadgets, Microprocessors/Microcontrollers and frameworks including VHDL Modeling for Programmable rationale gadgets and FPGAs.
• The control regularly additionally outlines inactive electrical parts, typically in view of printed circuit sheets.

• The first and most thing you should do as a starting step to be a professional engineer, is to get a degree in electronics and communication.
• If you want to be a professional engineer in Embedded System design or VLSI design (two most prominent field of electronics), there are institutes like CDAC, Vector India, VEDAIIT, Maven Silicon and many more which offer short term or long term courses in these fields. Not only that you also get the advantage of being placed in any leading electronics company.
• If you want to be a professional engineer in PCB designing, you need to have good working knowledge on design tools like CAD, ORCAD, and Eagle etc. You even need to have basic knowledge about PCB designing and mounting.
• If you want to be a professional engineer in VLSI or chip designing, you must have working knowledge in tools like Xilinx, Magic etc and of course must have good VLSI programming skills.
• It is not only the knowledge of software tools that can make you a professional engineer, but also good technical skills.
• These skills can be having practical knowledge in circuit mounting, soldering or PCB designing , practical knowledge in installation of networking products like routers, switches etc, practical knowledge of working with home automation devices like PLCs or practical knowledge of operating electronic equipments like Oscilloscopes, Wave Generators, Pulse Generators etc.
• As a fresher, you can apply for the position of trainee or intern at any reputed company. If you are GATE or NET qualified, you can always apply for the position of research fellowships at any Government recognized research institutes.
• A fresher with good theoretical knowledge about subjects related to electronics and communication can also opt for being a technical writer in the field of electronics and communication. Remember this might prove to be a great asset in increasing your exposure to the field of electronics.

• RX Lev Full means Mobile transmit the measurement report(SACCH multiframe) for every 480ms.
• This multiframe containes 104 TDMA frames, in 104 TDMA frames 4 TDMA frames for Decode the BSIC and remaining 100 TDMA frames for Average measurment of serving cell and neighbouring cell.
• This average measurment of 100 TDMA frames are RX Lev Full.

• DTX is a discontinuous trasmission, When the mobile conversation 40% of the time either Transmitter or Receive is idle. When DTX is ON, DTX will switch off the Transmitter or Receiver when they is no speech Pulses.
• Only few TDMA frames will transmit, the average of this TDMA frames is called RX Lev Sub, give you proper measurement of RX level.

• A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a telecommunication system.

• The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radiotransmitter receivers. It is the defining element for each cell .
• The BTS communicates with the mobiles and the interface between the two is known as the Um interface with its associated protocols.
• The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network. It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the BTSs in its group.
• It manages the radio resources and controls items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates channels.
• It communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis interface.
• The main element within the core network area of the overall GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC).
• It provides registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC handovers and call routing to a mobile subscriber.

• Current used in GSM telecom equipment is DC current.

• Logic is very simple. AC can’t be stored and DC can be stored.
• Example : Mobile is a GSM device in which DC is used to charge the batteries.

• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a second-generation digital mobile telephone standard using a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
• It is used for three digital wireless telephone technologies such as CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), GSM and TDMA.
• GSM digitizes and compresses voice data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its particular time slot.
• It works at either the 900, 1800 or 1,900MHz frequency bands.

• There are many harmful activities of bacteria:
  • Food poisoning
  • Spoilage of food
  • Destruction of domestic articles
  • Reduction of Soil fertility
  • Denitrification
  • Biowar/Bioterrorism

• Bacterial toxins present in food causes food poisoning.
• This leads into nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort diarrhea and even death.
• The food poisoning bacteria are Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella enteritis, Staphylococcus aureus etc.

• Souring of milk, rotting of vegetables and meat are caused by many saprotrophic bacteria.

• Spirochaete cytophaga cause cellulose degradation thereby destroying textiles, wooden articles and canvas.

• Denitrifying bacteria like Thiobacillus denitrificans, Micrococcus denitrificans, Pseudomonas aeroginosa convert soil nitrates and ammonia into free nitrogen and thus reduce the soil fertility.

• The denitrifying bacteria decompose nitrogen compound into free nitrogen.

• The improved variety of infective agents (bioweapons) are widely been used as an agent of effective weapon of bioterrorism.
• The antibiotic resistant microorganisms like Bacillusanthracis are being produced at large scale and when these are released at strategic locations, they cause acute infection of anthrax.
• The spores of B. anthracis can be produced and stored in a dry from keeping them vaible for decades in storage or after release.
• An attack with bioweapons (antibiotic resistant strains mould) leads to spread of communicable diseases like anthrax and plague etc.

• Mammals give birth to their young ones. The babies are fed by its mother’s milk which is fed through her breasts.
• Some mammals have two breasts while some have eight or even more the mothers show intensive care towards the babies.They give them love and affection.

• They eat their own babies if faced to a threat. The mothers give them warmth by lying down beside them or making pillows from dried grass and even feathers to keep the babies away from the predators they may keep the babies in a hole underground or something.
• During these times the mothers are very protective that they may not even allow any other creature to pass nearby that area.

• When TDS isn’t deducted at source, the deductor shall be at risk of interest and penalty. however you can pay traditional tax on your income as self assessment tax that if would have deducted by employer be referred to as TDS however assessed cannot deduct TDS in his own income.

• When you make a payment to the Government of India or the Reserve Bank of India, no TDS is collected. No TDS will be deducted in case of payment made to or received from the followings:
  • LIC, UTI and other insurance or cooperative societies.
  • Banks.
  • Central or State Financial Corporations
  • Interest in KVP, Indira Vikas Party, or NSC
  • Refund from income Tax department or Interest paid under Direct Tax.
  • Interests received from recurring deposit or savings account in cooperative societies or banks.
  • Interest received in NRE account.
  • All institutions notified under no-TDS.

Apart from these, there are other institutions where TDS is applicable, for example, interest on compensation from Motor Vehicles Claims Tribunal (MVCT). Taxpayers are required to check whether or not TDS is applicable on their income with a particle institution.

• Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) is applicable for individuals and businesses, the collector is required to collect tax at source before making certain types of payments for rendering specific services.
• The types of payments include Salaries, Interest payments by banks, Commission payments, Rent payments, Consultation fees, Professional fees etc.
• The collector is directed to collect a certain percentage of TDS that is sent to the Central Government.

• The amount deducted as the TDS depends on the amount you earn. TDS starts getting deducted after you start earning. Both the government and the Tax-payers get benefitted from TDS. When you make payments through cash, cheque or credit card, a certain amount of tax is deducted, which gets deposited to the central agencies. The advantages of collecting TDS are,
  • It prevents people from avoiding taxes.
  • It ensures a steady source of revenue for the Government.
  • The Tax Collection base is widened.
  • The burden of responsibility of the Tax Collection Agencies and the Deductor are lessened.
  • It is convenient for the deductee as Tax is automatically deducted.

• If tax is levied directly on personal or corporate income, then it is a direct tax.

• If tax is levied on the price of a good or service, then it is called an indirect tax.

• Careers in financial services pay a great deal more than most other fields, with some of the highest paying entry-level positions.
• On top of that, if you work hard early on, you can very quickly make huge paces forward in your career and experience a substantial increase in pay.

• Several jobs in the financial sector agree for a fairly balanced lifestyle between work and a personal life, especially for those who are independently employed and can choose their schedule.

• The financial sector is diverse and full of many different career options for professionals.
• There are a wide variety of specializations one can attain to focus in on one aspect of the financial sector.

• Because there are a large number of financial positions out there, there is a lot of room to move upward in your career.
• Moreover, it’s simle to relocate with a position in Finance because the job isn’t location-specific.
• There are many options to work in Finance abroad, if you’re looking to expand your career to outside of your home country.

• Job security is an important perk to a career in Finance, as it is an in-demand occupation.
• Positions in the field are generally secure. Because Finance is fundamental to everyday life, there are many job options available.
• Finance gives you more freedom to switch companies, cities, etc if you’re feeling like you want a new challenge.

• In this job isn’t easy. It takes brains, hard work and education to be successful, keeping workers on their does.
• Because it is an logically stimulating field, it can be very rewarding in the long-term.
• Moreover, if one works hard and applies themselves early in their career it doesn’t take long to move up in the ranks, so an individual can earn more and face new and exciting problems.

• Employers in the financial sector like to see their employees continue advancing their education.
• Earning a higher degree also means earning a higher paycheck, so that effort to educate yourself really pays off.

• It means the capital elevated by the issue of shares. The Amount invested by the shareholders towards the face value of shares is collectively known as share capital. It can be divided into some Categories:
  • Authorized Capital
  • Paid-Up Capital
  • Issued Capital
  • Subscribed Capital

• The high amount of share capital a company is allowed to raise is called its authorized capital.
• But does’t limit the number of shares a company may issue, it does put a maximum on the total amount of money that can be raised by the sale of those shares.

• Paid-Up Capital is the amount of cash a company has been paid from shareholders in exchange for shares of its stock.
• Paid-up capital is created when a company sells its shares on the primary market, directly to investors.
• Paid-up capital is important because it’s capital that is not borrowed.
• A company that is fully paid-up has retailed all available shares and thus cannot increase its capital unless it uses money by taking on balance.
• Paid-up capital can never exceed authorized share capital. In other words, the authorized share capital represents the upward bound on possible paid-up capital.

• An Issued capital refers to small value of that part of authorized capital which has been subscribed for by the signatories to the Memo of Association or allotted for cash or for consideration other than cash or allotted as bonus share.

• When a company organizes to “go public” by issuing stock for the first time, investors can submit an application expressing their desire to participate.
• Subscribed share capital refers to the financial value of all the shares for which investors have expressed an interest.

• Ratio Analysis is a powerful tool among the various tools of financial statement analysis.
• It simplifies a company in establishing its financial health i.e., its financial performance whether it is gaining profits or suffering losses.

• Liquidity Ratio facilitates to identify whether the company has enough capability to meet short term requirements. Current and Quick Ratios expose the assessment between Current Assets and Current Liabilities suggest for required decision making.
• The Profitability Ratios like Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio and Operating Ratio give a picture of profitability position of the concern.
• Long term solvency and the leverage ratios such as Debt-Equity Ratio and Interest Coverage Ratio convey a firm’s ability to meet the interest cost refunds schedules of its long-term responsibilities and show the proportions of debt and equity in financing of the firms.
• Activity Ratios such as Inventory Turn Over Ratio, Debtor Turnover Ratio, Working Capital Turnover Ratio measure the efficiency with which the resources of a firm have been hired.

• The withdrawal of cash from OD account is a contra entry.
  • Cash a/c Dr
  • Bank a/c Cr

• In the dual entry accounting system, a Contra Entry is an entry which is recorded to reverse or offset an entry on the other side of an account.
• If a debit entry is recorded in an account, it will be recorded on the credit side and vice-versa.

• The Receipt Entry program is used to enter, update and post receipt batches.
• Generally, this program will be used to enter non-debtor receipts.
• This program acts as a standard maintenance program.
• All receipts are entered in batches. The batch control total must equal the sum of individual receipts entered before the batch can be placed in READY status and accepted for posting.

• There are various errors in windows platform they are:

• • Processor overheating
  • Bad RAM
  • Hard disk issues
  • File system issues and display options

• Recently Chipmakers have been working to make processors more effective, which means they generate less heat.
• Now some modern processors still produce a lot of heat.

• • Dust is preventing the fan from spinning smoothly.
  • The fan motor has failed.
  • The fan bearings are loose and jiggling.

• Several conditions can lead to RAM-related performance problems with a particular machine:

• • RAM timing is slower than optimal machine spec.
  • RAM has minor faults that appear only on detailed testing.
  • RAM is overheating.

• Slow access times on the affected drive.
• An increasing number of bad sectors when running scandisk.
• Unexplained Blue Screens.
• Intermittent boot failures.
• An “Imminent Hard Disk Failure” warning.

• Some file systems work better than others for large disk dividers. Windows 7 should always use the NTFS file system for best performance.
• Cleaning up the file system will also help speed performance. We can use the Disk Clean-up tool to:

• • Remove temporary Internet files.
  • Remove downloaded program files (such as Microsoft ActiveX controls and Java applets).
  • Remove the Recycle Bin.
  • Remove Windows temporary files such as error reports.
  • Remove optional Windows components we don’t use.
  • Remove installed programs you no longer use.
  • Remove unused restore points and shadow copies from System Restore

• To run Disk Clean-up in Windows 7, click Start and type “Disk Clean-up” in the search box. Select the drive you want to clean up.

• Windows have corrupted in many problems we have use below steps, to overcome this issues.

• It will start Windows by using a minimum set of drivers and start up programs.
• It will also eliminate software conflicts that could occur when you install a program, or an update , or when you run a program in Windows.

• These are services that Windows Update needs to make sure it’s working effectively.

• Using Command Prompt running as Administrator, we can perform these commands that can fix issues on our system itself,

• Joomla is a free and open-source Content Management System (CMS) for distributing web content.
• It is built on a Model-View-Controller (MVC) web application framework that can be used individually, and the CMS that allows to build powerful online applications.
• Joomla is one of the most popular website software’s.
• Joomla is an independent platform, user friendly, extendable, multilingual, accessible, responsive, search engine optimized and so much more.

• CMS is an application (web-based), that provides capabilities for multiple users with different permission levels to manage (all or a section of) content, data or information of a website project, or intranet application.
• Managing content refers to creating, editing, archiving, publishing, collaborating on, reporting, distributing website content, data and information.

• Joomla is used to whole world and millions of websites of all shapes and sizes. Joomla can be used for,
  • Corporate websites or portals, intranets and extranets.
  • Small business websites.
  • Online magazines, newspapers, and publications.
  • E-commerce and online reservations.
  • Government, non-profit and organizational websites.
  • Community-based, school and church websites or portals.
  • Personal or family homepages.