{"id":25837,"date":"2017-10-25T20:57:26","date_gmt":"2017-10-25T15:27:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/?p=25837"},"modified":"2017-10-25T20:57:26","modified_gmt":"2017-10-25T15:27:26","slug":"breadth-first-traversal-bfs-graph","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/breadth-first-traversal-bfs-graph\/","title":{"rendered":"Cpp algorithm – Breadth First Traversal or BFS for a Graph"},"content":{"rendered":"

Breadth First Traversal<\/a>\u00a0for a graph is similar to Breadth First Traversal of a tree.<\/span> The only catch here is, unlike trees, graphs may contain cycles, so we may come to the same node again. To avoid processing a node more than once, we use a boolean visited array. For simplicity, it is assumed that all vertices are reachable from the starting vertex.
\nFor example, in the following graph, we start traversal from vertex 2. When we come to vertex 0, we look for all adjacent vertices of it. 2 is also an adjacent vertex of 0. If we don\u2019t mark visited vertices, then 2 will be processed again and it will become a non-terminating process. A Breadth First Traversal of the following graph is 2, 0, 3, 1.<\/p>\n

Following are C++ and Java implementations of simple Breadth First Traversal from a given source.<\/p>\n

The C++ implementation uses adjacency list representation<\/a> of graphs. STL<\/a>\u2018s list container<\/a> is used to store lists of adjacent nodes and queue of nodes needed for BFS traversal.<\/p>\n[ad type=”banner”]\n

C++ Programming:<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/div> 
\/\/ Program to print BFS traversal from a given source vertex. BFS(int s) \/\/ traverses vertices reachable from s.#include<iostream>#include <list> using namespace std; \/\/ This class represents a directed graph using adjacency list representationclass Graph{    int V;    \/\/ No. of vertices    list<int> *adj;    \/\/ Pointer to an array containing adjacency listspublic:    Graph(int V);  \/\/ Constructor    void addEdge(int v, int w); \/\/ function to add an edge to graph    void BFS(int s);  \/\/ prints BFS traversal from a given source s}; Graph::Graph(int V){    this->V = V;    adj = new list<int>[V];} void Graph::addEdge(int v, int w){    adj[v].push_back(w); \/\/ Add w to v\u2019s list.} void Graph::BFS(int s){    \/\/ Mark all the vertices as not visited    bool *visited = new bool[V];    for(int i = 0; i < V; i++)        visited[i] = false;     \/\/ Create a queue for BFS    list<int> queue;     \/\/ Mark the current node as visited and enqueue it    visited[s] = true;    queue.push_back(s);     \/\/ 'i' will be used to get all adjacent vertices of a vertex    list<int>::iterator i;     while(!queue.empty())    {        \/\/ Dequeue a vertex from queue and print it        s = queue.front();        cout << s << " ";        queue.pop_front();         \/\/ Get all adjacent vertices of the dequeued vertex s        \/\/ If a adjacent has not been visited, then mark it visited        \/\/ and enqueue it        for(i = adj[s].begin(); i != adj[s].end(); ++i)        {            if(!visited[*i])            {                visited[*i] = true;                queue.push_back(*i);            }        }    }} \/\/ Driver program to test methods of graph classint main(){    \/\/ Create a graph given in the above diagram    Graph g(4);    g.addEdge(0, 1);    g.addEdge(0, 2);    g.addEdge(1, 2);    g.addEdge(2, 0);    g.addEdge(2, 3);    g.addEdge(3, 3);     cout << "Following is Breadth First Traversal "         << "(starting from vertex 2) \\n";    g.BFS(2);     return 0;}<\/code><\/pre> <\/div>\n
Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Following is Breadth First Traversal (starting from vertex 2)\r\n2 0 3 1\r\n<\/pre>\n
Note that the above code traverses only the vertices reachable from a given source vertex. All the vertices may not be reachable from a given vertex (example Disconnected graph). To print all the vertices, we can modify the BFS function to do traversal starting from all nodes one by one (Like the DFS modified version<\/a>) .<\/p>\n
Time Complexity: O(V+E) where V is number of vertices in the graph and E is number of edges in the graph.<\/p>\n[ad type=”banner”]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Cpp Algorithm – Breadth First Traversal or BFS for a Graph – Graph Algorithms – Breadth First Traversal for a graph is similar to Breadth First Traversal.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[83567,74168,73906],"tags":[75740,75741,75743,75744,75739,75737,75742,75738],"class_list":["post-25837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cpp-algorithm","category-dfs-and-bfs","category-graph-algorithms","tag-breadth-first-search-algorithm","tag-breadth-first-search-example","tag-breadth-first-search-java","tag-breadth-first-search-program-in-c","tag-breadth-first-search-pseudocode","tag-c-program-of-breadth-first-search-in-a-graph","tag-depth-first-search","tag-dfs-c"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25837","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25837"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25837\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25837"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25837"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wikitechy.com\/technology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25837"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}