• In unit operations their is only physical change is occur but no chemical change take place or we can say no chemical reaction take place.
• Evaporation, Distillation, Liquid liquid extraction, Drying, Size reduction, Crystallization are the example of unit operations.
• In these operations thier is only physical change take place like phase will be change or two or more substances are separated each other or particle size will reduce.
• Unit operations are processes related to physical changes of the materials involved:
  • Mixing (Solid-Solid, Solid-Liquid, Solid-Gas, Liquid-Liquid, Liquid-Gas, Gas-Gas)
  • Separating (Sieving, Filtration, Distillation, Fractional crystallization, Fractional freezing, Centrifugation)
  • Heating / Cooling of materials
  • Transporting (Solids, Granulates, Liquids, Slurries, Pastes, Gases)
  • Measuring (Weighing, Volumetrizing, Counting)

• Compressive strength test on bricks are meted out to see the load carrying capability of bricks under compression. This test is meted out with the assistance of compression testing machine.
• Bricks are usually used for construction of load bearing masonry walls, columns and footings. These load bearing masonry structures experiences largely the compressive loads. Thus, it’s necessary to understand the compressive strength of bricks to envision for its suitableness for construction.
• Apparatus, sampling, procedure and calculations to see the compressive strength of bricks are mentioned below.
• Minimum compressive strength of brick varies for different grades of bricks
  • For Common building brick = 35kg/sq. cm
  • For second class brick = 70kg/sq. cm
  • For First class brick = 105kg/sq. cm
  • For AA class brick = not less than 140kg/sq. cm

• It relies on the height of the building.
• In the event that the structure is G + 3 the steel utilization is around 2.5 kg per sq.ft.
• In the event that the structure is tower of 15 storeys the steel utilization can be as high as 6 kg for every sq.ft.
• For towers which are 25 storeys high steel utilization is 7.5kg per sq.ft.

• This is the method to calculate number of bricks and sand and cement on 10 ft height 10 ft length 4-inch wall (building inner wall) with 1:4 ratio.
• Since you said it is an inner wall, i am assuming it as partition wall without any opening in case 1.

• 1. For 10′x10′x4″ wall you need
  2. Bricks = 476 No’s
  3. Cement = 57 kg (125.66 pound)
  4. sand = 0.237 m^3 (8.3695 cft)

• Excessive curing is bad for the walls because it causes fungi formation on the bricks which may weaken the walls.

• Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete to ensure an uninterrupted hydration of Portland cement after concrete has been placed and finished in its final position.
• Curing also ensures to maintain an adequate temperature of concrete in its early stages, as this directly affects the rate of hydration of cement and eventually the strength gain of concrete or mortars.
• Curing of concrete must begin as soon as possible after placement & finishing and must continue for a reasonable period of time as per the relevant standards, for the concrete to achieve its desired strength and durability. Uniform temperature should also be maintained throughout the concrete depth to avoid thermal shrinkage cracks. Also protective measures to control moisture loss from the concrete surface are essential to prevent plastic shrinkage cracks.
• In a nut shell, curing process is designed primarily to keep the concrete moist by controlling the loss of moisture from the body of concrete, during the given period in which it gains strength.

• First of all, we make the concrete cube at some mix proposition as M15, M20.
• Then after one day the curing on concrete cube at 7days or 28days and we find out the compressive strength of concrete

• Properly sized and located reinforcing will keep cracks reasonably tight and serviceable, if they occur, but will not prevent them. Furthermore, the great majority of reinforced concrete designs that have been reviewed for slabs on ground do not have enough reinforcing to actually increase the slab’s load-carrying capacity above that of an unreinforced slab.

• If you are using bamboo in place of steel than you can use mud in place of concrete.
• IS Code:
  • IS: 456 – Code of observe for plain and concrete.
  • IS: 383 – Specifications for fine & coarse mixture from natural sources for concrete.
  • IS: 6909 – Specifications for SSC (super sulphated cement)

• Body wall of the weir
• Upstream solid apron
• Apron on downstream side
• Curtain walls on Upstream & Downstream
• Talus on Upstream & Downstream
• Shutter on the crest of weir

• It is a wall which is constructed to raise the water level on u/s
• To raise water level on u/s
• To resist water pressure
• To resist uplift pressure

• Protect weir from erosive forces during floods
• Length of apron depends upon discharge in river and length of weir
• To prevent any leakage in the sub soil

• To reduce the kinetic energy of water
• Length depends upon height of fall of water nature of soil discharge in river
• Apron is extended up to the point where there is no scope for erosion
• It Should have sufficient width to resist uplift pressure

• Upstream curtain wall
  • To reduce uplift pressure
  • Length depends on nature of sub soil
  • To increase length of the creep
  • To reduce exit gradient

• Downstream curtain wall
  • Protect downstream flow from uplift pressure.
  • To resist kinetic energy of water increase length of creep

• Provide on the crest It can be raised during flood To resist water pressure
  • Protect downstream flow from uplift pressure.
  • To resist kinetic energy of water increase length of creep

• The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be1. For flexural tension – Ld or 30d whichever is greater.2. For direct tension – 2Ld or 30d whichever is greater.
• The straight length of lapping shall not be less than 15d or 20 cm

• The hook length is commonly provided for stirrups

• Hook Length = 9D [D is Diameter of the Bar]

• Overlap Length for compression members = 40D
• Overlap Length for tension members = 50D
• [D is the Diameter of the bar]

• Here, some of the key advantages of using splunk which will help you in understanding key features of splunk.

• Identify and resolve issues upto 70% faster.
• Reduces costly escalations by upto 90%.
• Splunk change difficult logs to visual graphs and reports resulting simplified analysis,reporting and troubleshooting

• No separate database requirements like oracle or SQL as splunk stores all data in its index
• Supports any format and any amount of data -enables centralized log management

• Simple to implement and scale
• Continually index all of your IT data in real time.
• Automatically search helpful information inserted in your data, therefore you can’t to spot yourself.
• Search your physical and virtual IT infrastructure for virtually something of interest and find results in seconds.
• Save searches and tag helpful information, to create your system smarter.
• Set up alerts to modify the observation of your system for specific continual events.
• Provide analytical reports with interactive charts, graphs, and tables.
• Share saved searches and reports with fellow Splunk users, and distribute their results to team members and project stakeholders via email.
• Design specialised, information-rich views and dashboards that work the wide-ranging desires of your enterprise.

• The application of splunk are Monitoring, Analyzes machines, security and business performance.
• With intuitive analysis features, machine learning, packaged applications and open APIs, Splunk Enterprise is a comfortable environment that scales from focused use cases to an enterprise-wide analytics backbone.

• A Splunk application is not much more than a structured set of configurations and assets help to achieve an end goal of data collection, indexing, and visualization.
• In order to make a valid Splunk application, you must include the ability to navigate. Without navigation in the application, you would be working on an add-on.
• The performance of application can be monitor vendors Dynatrace and Extrahop have developed apps for Splunk software to help the users to visualize their deep-dive application performance data in the event of all other application data like logs, events, infrastructure performance.

• Proxy logs : It’s better for C2 analysis of files, domains, downloads of DLL/EXE files.
• Anti‐virus logs : It’s good for analysis of malware, vulnerabilities of hosts, laptops, servers, monitor for suspicious file paths.
• Server Operating System logs : These logs are good for analysis of server activities such as users, runaway services, security logs.
• Firewall logs : Logs for network traffic of source/destination ip addresses, ports, protocols.
• Mail logs : Logs for inbound/outbound mail for malicious links, targeted recipients, unauthorized file out bound, data loss, bad attachments.
• Custom apps logs : Logs could be analyze for possible buffer overflow, code injection, SQL injection analyses.

• Intrusion Prevention System logs : To alert on signatures firing off, COTS signatures, threat analysis of bad network packets.
• Database logs : It’s can be capture for authorized access to critical data tables, authorized logons, op ports, admin accounts.
• Virtual Private Network(VPN) logs : Capture logs to analyze users coming into network for situational awareness, monitored foreign ip subnets, compliance monitoring of browsers/apps of connected hosts.
• Authentication logs : To monitor authorized/unauthorized users, times of day of connection, how often, logons/logoffs, BIOS analysis.
• Vulnerability Scan Data : Import data about assets, vulnerabilities, patch data, etc.
• Web Application logs : External facing logs to monitor suspicious SQL keywords, text patterns, REGEX for threats coming in through browser.
• DNS logs: To relate IP address what domain in a client level.
• DHCP logs : To monitor what systems are assign what IP address and how long, how often.

• Active Directory/Domain Controller logs : Monitor user accounts for AD admins, privilege accounts, remote access, multiple admins across the domain, new account creation, event ID’s.
• Badge Access logs : Logs to capture to correlate insider threat, situational awareness, correlate data with authentication logs.
• Router/Switch data (net-‐flow) : Capture this critical data source for APT monitoring, network monitoring, data exfiltration, flow analysis are very important data source.
• Packet Capture logs(PCAP): Very difficult data source to capture for Advanced Persistent Threats, packet analysis, deep packet inspection, malware analysis, etc.
• FW + AV : Will help detect and respond to viruses, worm propagation.
• IPS + AV + FW : Detect/alert on network based attacks such as buffer overflow, reconnaissance scans, code injection.
• PROXY : The web based/application layer is a majority attacks to monitor like: cross-site scripting, session hacking, browse redirects.
• AV + PROXY : Monitor/detect/respond to download of bad files, remote code execution…web-based attacks.
• FW + PROXY : Detect outbound data exfiltration, detect potentially misconfig fw rules.
• IPS + FW : Network packet of signature threats to be monitored.
• AD Server : All user/group modifications, deletes, updates for administrators to be monitored.
• AD + PROXY : Monitor/Detect/Alert on post compromise analysis, lateral movement.

• Splunk is a software environment to give search, analyze and event to machine-generated data collect from the websites, applications, sensors,devices etc.,It create for your IT environment and business.
• Splunk is an advanced,scalable and potent technology that system can be stored indexes and searches log files.It also search the machine-generated data to give operational intelligence.
• The below image will help you how to relate Splunk collects data.

• To report real time health condition.
• The patient’s health record and analyze patterns in the Delve deeper.
• When the patient’s health degrades to be Alarms/Alerts for both the doctor and patient.

• It work can be moved as the ‘Google’ for log files.
• Simpler terms to be searched with the use of Search Processing Language (SPL).
• If the Splunk file system to be store the data directly that means it does not require any back-end or any database
• It doesn’t against any single point of failure to be happened.

Some of the additional components that separately and collectively perform the major operations:

• Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is the most ideal approach to be brilliant about composition and distributing your business content.
• DITA is an open standard that portrays the engineering for making and overseeing data that isolates the substance from the arranging, takes into account a progressively streamlined substance creation process, and opens up the potential outcomes of acquainting less difficult methods for distributing with new advancements, as for cell phones. IBM, which created DITA initially, characterizes DITA as pursues:
• The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is a XML-based, end-to-end design for composing, creating, and conveying specialized data.
• This engineering comprises of a lot of structure standards for making “data composed” modules at a subject dimension and for utilizing that content in conveyance modes, for example, online help and item bolster entryways on the Web.

• The information put away in your documentation has esteem.
• What’s more, whatever has an incentive to the association can be treated as an advantage. Making and afterward leaving that data inside a Word or PowerPoint record seriously constrains what you can do with it, and whatever you can do, you need to utilize manual, kludge approaches to do it.
• Making records with conventional instruments in static documents is a wasteful method for composing, refreshing, sharing, and dealing with your data.
• DITA is a general methodology that illuminates that wastefulness.
• DITA emphatically influences your substance in three principle ways;
• It streamlines your substance creation process expands the nature of your substance by institutionalizing it enables you to use your substance in a wide range of ways (reusing it, distributing to numerous configurations, deciphering it effectively)
• Despite the fact that there are numerous advantages to DITA, everything comes down to a certain something: being proficient with your substance so you can spare time and cash.

• DITA is certainly not a specific device. A wide range of apparatuses enable you to creator in DITA. Truth be told, choosing your instrument set is a piece of the procedure of DITA selection.
• DITA isn’t a layout, in spite of the fact that writers regularly use formats to make it considerably quicker and less demanding to compose.
• DITA isn’t a style direct, despite the fact that creators surely advantage from one, with or without DITA content.

• Try not to give the XML a chance to part of DITA alarm you.
• It’s simply the engineering underneath your substance. Each bit of substance gets put away inside labels-titles, sections, requested records-whatever you have to arrange your substance into a characterized set of theme types.
• DITA has a lot of guidelines that state what labels are permitted where, which gives you institutionalization of your substance.
• DITA XML at last completes three things.
• DITA XML composes your substance into points.
• Not all XML does this, but rather DITA has a center arrangement of theme types so you can put the correct kind of data in the correct subject sort, bringing about exceptionally usable substance.
• Consider subjects and even the XML inside themes like Lego® squares. You use them in different approaches to fabricate what you require. At last, they meet up to make more than the individual parts.
• XML isolates content from configuration, making it compact and adaptable. Your words and your arrangement are never again consolidated, which implies they can be overseen and refreshed autonomously.
• For instance, if your marking changes and you have to refresh the text dimension, shading, and style in the entirety of your archives, this will be a focal, once change for any substance put away without organization (in XML).
• XML enables the substance to be changed into numerous different arrangements. A great many people creator in XML and after that distribute to PDF, HTML, and either portable or ePub.
• It’s additionally conceivable to distribute to places you wouldn’t anticipate, similar to Open Office, Excel, and PowerPoint. You’re constrained just by your creative energy.

• A task has been executing for longer than the runaway time interval (defined by the ICVR operand on the system initialization table macro, DFHSIT) without giving up control.
• The runaway task condition indicates a possible loop in the application.

• The task is terminated with an AICA transaction dump.

• DFHSRP

• An EXEC CICS command has been issued that is not supported by the EXEC interface program DFHEIP.
• A transaction has issued an EXEC CICS command which is supported in principle by the EXEC interface program DFHEIP, but for which the prerequisite function has not been included in the current CICS start-up.
• A non-CICS command has been issued by an application stub (expansion of a DFHRMCAL macro), and the program DFHERM has detected that the required non-CICS support is not available. For example, an attempt to access DB2 when a DB2CONN resource is not enabled results in this abend.
• An attempt has been made to use remote resources, but the local SYSID has been specified in an EXEC CICS command, or vice versa.
• An attempt has been made to use remote resources, but ISC is not supported.
• An EXEC CICS command contains an invalid AID or CONDITION identifier. This abend indicates that the EXEC CICS command has become corrupted.

• The transaction is abnormally terminated with a CICS transaction dump.

• DFHEIP, DFHEEI