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		<title>What is the advantages of VB.NET ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/vb-net/what-is-the-advantages-of-vb-net/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 07:43:21 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[VB.NET]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[What are the advantages and disadvantages of using VB.Net?]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : VB.NET offers code execution that runs under the Common Language Runtime (CLR)...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;"></div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">VB.NET offers code execution that runs under the Common Language Runtime (CLR), resulting in robust, stable and secure applications. Both features of the .NET framework are eagerly obtainable in VB.NET.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">VB.NET is object oriented. This is a major addition that VB6 and other earlier releases didn’t have.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The .NET framework comes with ADO.NET, which follows the disconnected paradigm, i.e. once the required records are fetched the connection no longer exists.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">It also retrieves the records that are expected to be accessed in the immediate future.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">This enhances Scalability of the application to a great extent.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">VB.NET uses XML to transfer data between the various layers in the DNA Architecture i.e. data are passed as simple text strings.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Error handling has changed in VB.NET. A new Try-Catch-Finally block has been introduced to handle errors and exceptions as a unit, allowing appropriate action to be taken at the place the error occurred thus discouraging the use of ON ERROR GOTO statement. This again credits to the maintainability of the code.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>What is the difference between vb and vb.net ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 07:41:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[VB.NET]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : VB stands for Visual Basic. It is a high level programming...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="" class="color-pink"></h2>
<table class="table-bordered table-striped table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>VB</th>
<th>VB.NET</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">VB stands for Visual Basic.<br />
It is a high level programming language<br />
that is used for the fast development<br />
of Windows based programs.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">VB.NET stands for Visual Basic Network Enabled Technology. It is one of the languages for the .NET framework by Microsoft. This language has been created specifically for VB developers. It belongs to the category of object oriented computer programming languages that is implemented on the .NET framework.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Interpreter based Language</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Compiled language</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">VB Runtime</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Common Language Specification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">This type of language is not safe.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">This language is safe compared to visual basic.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Multithreaded applications Cannot be developed.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Multithreaded applications Can be developed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Data is handled using DAO protocol, then RDO,<br />
followed by ADO (ActiveX Data Objects)</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Data is handled using ADO.net</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">An object based language.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">A true object oriented language.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Most of the parameters passed by reference.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Parameters passing by Default value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Objects support default property</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Objects does not support default property</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Replaced by elements in Collection QBColor,<br />
RGB DateAdd, DateDiff, DatePart, DateSerial,<br />
DateValue, TimeSerial, TimeValue</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">System.Collection System.Drawing.Color Replaced by elements in System.DateTime</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">End Type structure can be used in declare function.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Declared using the Structure…End Structure construct.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center row"></div>
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		<title>What is the difference between sqoop and pig ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sqoop/what-is-the-difference-between-sqoop-and-pig/</link>
					<comments>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sqoop/what-is-the-difference-between-sqoop-and-pig/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 06:59:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Sqoop]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Sqoop is a simple tool used for transferring large amount of data...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="pig" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 2rem;">Pig:</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Pig is a platform for managing large data.</li>
<li>It uses high level programming to analyse the data.</li>
<li>The programming is done using the language pig latin.</li>
<li>It is simple and highly specific.</li>
<li>The pig Metastore stores all info about the tables. And we can execute spark sql queries because spark can interact with pig Metastore</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subheading" style="text-align: justify;">
<h2 id="sqoop">Sqoop:</h2>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Sqoop is a simple tool used for transferring large amount of data.</li>
<li>It is used for transferring data from hadoop to relational database.</li>
<li>sqoop can import data from Oracle,MYSQL,SQl.</li>
<li>Sqoop metastore is a tool for using hosts in a shared metadata repository. Multiple users and remote users execute saved jobs in metastore.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sqoop/difference-between-sqoop-and-pig.png" alt=" difference between sqoop and pig" width="595" height="336" /></div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;" align="center">
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn" style="text-align: justify;"></div>
</div>
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		<title>What is staging table in sqoop ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 06:53:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Sqoop]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Staging table is used to stage the exported data...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="staging-table-in-sqoop" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Staging table in sqoop:</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"></div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Staging table is used to stage the exported data.</li>
<li>Sqoop breaks down method into multiple transactions. A failing job may create partial knowledge.</li>
<li>This could result in job failing because it could cause duplication of data or even collision while insertion.</li>
<li>Staging tables are simple database tables that contain business details.</li>
<li>Staging table acts as an auxiliary table that’s used to transferred data.</li>
<li>Sqoop breaks down export method into multiple transactions, it’s possible that a failing export job may lead to partial data being committed to the database</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center row" style="text-align: justify;"></div>
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		<title>What is update command in sqoop ?</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 06:52:07 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : There are two approaches to update in sqoop...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="update-command-in-sqoop" class="color-purple">Update command in sqoop:</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>There are two approaches to update in sqoop.
<ul>
<li>The records inserted are to be added to the target table.</li>
<li>The sqoop provides an update mode by providing “update-key <column(s)>” command.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This command is used to generate the SQl update statement.</li>
<li>If the value in column 1 matches the data is updated else the data is inserted into the table.</li>
<li>This technique is also refered to as upsert where the default action is update but insertion takes place when matching data is not available.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="CodeContent">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight"><div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-markdown code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-markdown code-embed-code">$ sqoop export (Generic Arguments)<br/>  --table target-relational-table <br/>  --update-key column1<br/>  --export-dir /user/my-hdfs-file<br/>  ...<br/>Generates => UPDATE target-relational-table SET<br/>                    column2=1000,column3=2000<br/>		          WHERE column1=100;</code></pre> </div></figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>What is the use of sqoop ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 06:49:42 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Sqoop is a simple tool that is used for moving data...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="sqoop-uses" class="color-purple">Sqoop uses:</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Sqoop is a simple tool that is used for moving data.</li>
<li>It is generally used move data from non hadoop data stores.</li>
<li>These non hadoop data stores are the relational databases and data warehouses .</li>
<li>Sqoop allows the users to specify the target (i.e) the place where the data is to be moved inside of hadoop from relational databases like Oracle,Teredata.</li>
<li>Data ingestion is important in any big data project because the volume of data is generally in petabytes or exabytes.</li>
<li>Hadoop <b>Sqoop </b>and Hadoop Flume are the two tools in Hadoop which is <b>used</b> to gather data from different sources and load them into HDFS.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sqoop/overview-of-sqoop-metastore.png" alt="Overview of sqoop metastore" width="796" height="466" /></div>
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		<title>What is sqoop metastore ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 06:47:16 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Sqoop metastore is an internally implemented database that can hold the definition of a given job...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="sqoop-metastore" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Sqoop Metastore:</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Sqoop metastore is an internally implemented database that can hold the definition of a given job.</li>
<li>It includes details like which database,which table,which approach,what query to extract from,what target to write to and so on.</li>
<li>Consider an array of SQL databases that have the same structure, but are partitioned by for performance reasons.</li>
<li>Thus we have the same sqoop job running against multiple database instances at the same time, all unified at a single table in Hadoop.</li>
<li>In order to get parallelization, we generate a job that manages the Sqoop sub-workflows. This results in 500 distinct sqoop jobs.</li>
<li>Metastore is used to handle these complexities.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn" style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sqoop/overview-of-sqoop-metastore.png" alt="overview of sqoop metastore" width="796" height="466" /></div>
</div>
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		<title>What is sqoop ?</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2021 06:22:24 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Apache Sqoop is efficiently transferring data between Relational databases and Apache Hadoop.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="sqoop" class="color-purple">Sqoop:</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/sqoop/sqoop-tutorial.gif" alt="Sqoop Tutorial" width="743" height="414" /></div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn"></div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Apache Sqoop is efficiently transferring data between Relational databases and Apache Hadoop.</li>
<li>It is used to import data from relational databases such as MySQL, Oracle to Hadoop HDFS, and export from Hadoop file system to relational databases.</li>
<li>It improves the efficiency of data analysis by combining structured data and unstructured data.</li>
<li>Sqoop stands for SQL for Hadoop.SQL + HADOOP =SQOOP</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="col-sm-12"></div>
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<div class="hddn"></div>
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		<title>What are the differences between Impala and Apache Drill ?</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 06:41:05 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Analytic DBMS for Hadoop	Schema-free SQL Query Engine for Hadoop...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="difference-between-impala-and-apache-drill" class="color-purple">Difference between Impala and Apache Drill</h2>
</div>
</div>
<table class="table-bordered table-striped table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Index</th>
<th>Cloudera impala</th>
<th>Apache Drill</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Description</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Analytic DBMS for Hadoop</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Schema-free SQL Query Engine for Hadoop,<br />
NoSQL and Cloud Storage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Primary database modele</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">relational DBMS</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">document store relational DBMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Developer</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Cloudera</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Apache Software Foundation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">License</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">open source</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">open source</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Server operating systems</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Linux</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Linux,OSX, Windows</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Data scheme</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">yes</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">schema-free</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Secondary indexes</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">yes</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">no</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">SQL</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">SQL-like DML and DDL statements</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">SQL SELECT statement is SQL:2003 compliant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Supported programming languages</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">C++</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="text-center row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div id="bsa-zone_1590522538159-8_123456"></div>
</div>
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		<title>What is the difference between Impala and Apache Hive ?</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 06:40:04 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Impala does runtime code generations
for “big loops ” using llvm...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="difference-between-impala-and-apache-hive" class="color-purple">Difference between Impala and Apache Hive</h2>
</div>
</div>
<table class="table-bordered table-striped table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Impala</th>
<th>Apache hive</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Impala does runtime code generations<br />
for “big loops ” using llvm.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Apache hive generates query<br />
expressions at compile time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Hadoop 2.6.0</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Hadoop 2.7.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Runtime Filtering Optimization Enabled</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">All queries run through LLAP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Parquet format with snappy compression</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">ORCFile format with zlib compression</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Impala avoids startup overhead<br />
as daemon processes are started at boot<br />
time itself, always being ready to processes a query.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Every hive query has this problem<br />
of “cold start”.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Impala is meant for interactive computing.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Apache Hive might not be ideal<br />
for interactive computing .</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Impala is more like MPP database.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Hive is batch based Hadoop MapReduce .</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Impala does not support complex types.</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Hive supports complex types .</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="text-leftalign">Impala does not support fault tolerance</td>
<td class="text-leftalign">Apache Hive is fault tolerant</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="text-center row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div id="bsa-zone_1590522538159-8_123456"></div>
</div>
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</div>
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		<title>What is the difference between Apache Hadoop and Cloudera in big data ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 06:38:24 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Apache Hadoop is the Hadoop distribution from Apache group...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="difference-between-apache-hadoop-and-cloudera-in-big-data" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Difference between Apache Hadoop and Cloudera in big data</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Apache Hadoop is the Hadoop distribution from Apache group.</li>
<li>Cloudera Hadoop has its own supply of Hadoop which is designed on top of Apache Hadoop. so it does not have latest release of Hadoop.</li>
<li>Cloudera Hadoop contains extra tools. while Hadoop distributions like Cloudera Search, Impala, Cloudera Navigator and Cloudera Manager these are not involved in Cloudera Hadoop.</li>
<li>These additional tools turns out Cloudera Hadoop to be slightly open source and proprietary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center row" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div id="bsa-zone_1590522538159-8_123456"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera impala/distrbution-hadoop.png" alt="Distribution hadoop" width="768" height="315" /></div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Apache Hadoop is very important to use to cope up with any data, no matter how large or what type or complex it is. It works like a fluid way or can say it is very faster, cheaper and reliable analytic tool than others.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Even, it can easily work on unstructured, and schemaless data and people can easily ground their data into a format without reformating or putting any other efforts.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Apart from this, via Apache Hadoop various programming model has been simplified to allow you to quickly write and test the software in distributed systems.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">This is an open-source Apache Hadoop distribution usually, focus on enterprise-class deployments.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Cloudera Inc is a very popular American software company, known for providing Apache Hadoop-based software, services, and full support for the same.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">With Cloudera, it is said that Hadoop is just a starting to create your data management strategy, and you can easily use the same to add the security and other various functions to create an enterprise-grade foundation for your data.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>What is the architectural design and features of Cloudera Impala ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera-impala/what-is-the-architectural-design-and-features-of-cloudera-impala/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 06:35:32 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : The impala server consist of distributed and massively parallel processing info engine...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="components-of-the-impala-server" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Components of the Impala Server</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera impala/cloudera-impala-tutorials.gif" alt="cloudera-impala-tutorials" width="743" height="410" /></div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>The impala server consist of distributed and massively parallel processing info engine.</li>
<li>It run on particular hosts among your CDH cluster with a various daemon processes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text-center row" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-size: 2rem;">The Impala Daemon</span></div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>The core impala element may be a daemon method that runs on every node of the cluster, and its physically described by the impalad method.</li>
<li>Then read and write a informative files; which accepts questions transmitted from the impala-shell command, Hue, JDBC, or ODBC; parallelizes the questions can seperate work to alternative nodes within the impala cluster; and transmits intermediate question results back to the central organizer node.</li>
<li>The impala daemon running on any node, and that node is the organizer node for that question when You can submit a question.</li>
<li>The other nodes transmit partial results back to the organizer, that constructs the ultimate result set for a question.</li>
<li>You may continuously connect with a similar impala daemon for convenience.When running experiments with possibility through the impala-shell command.</li>
<li>For clusters running production workloads, you would possibly load-balance between the nodes by submitting every question to a distinct impala daemon in round-robin vogue, exploitation the JDBC or ODBC interfaces.</li>
<li>Its verify that nodes and may settle for new work. Through the impala daemons are in constant communication with the statestore.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="the-impala-statestore" class="color-red">The Impala Statestore</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>The impala element called the statestore checks on the health of impala daemons on all the nodes during a cluster, and unendingly relays its findings to every of these daemons.</li>
<li>It is physically described by a daemon method named statestored; you simply would like such a method on one node within the cluster.</li>
<li>If an impala node goes offline because of hardware failure, network error, software package issue, or alternative reason, the statestore informs all the opposite nodes so future queries will avoid creating requests to the unreached node.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera impala/architectural-design.png" alt="architectural design" width="602" height="250" /></div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;" align="center"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-size: 2rem;">New options in Impala:</span></p>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Performance and quantifiability enhancements.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Integration with Apache koodoo.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Security.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The REFRESH statement currently updates data regarding HDFS block locations.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">[IMPALA-1654] many varieties of DDL operations will currently work on a spread of partitions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>What is Cloudera&#8217;s technology stack ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 06:33:22 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Here are some products that make up Cloudera’s tech stack:...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="clouderas-technology-stack" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Cloudera’s technology stack</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Here are some products that make up Cloudera’s tech stack:</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Adobe Experience Manager,</li>
<li>Amazon EC2,</li>
<li>Apache (Ant, HBase, Kafka, Maven, Mesos, Solr, Spark, Web Server),</li>
<li>Atlassian JIRA,</li>
<li>Bugsnag,</li>
<li>C++,</li>
<li>Cask Data Applicaiton Platform,</li>
<li>Dyn DNS,</li>
<li>Fastly,</li>
<li>Git,</li>
<li>GitHub,</li>
<li>Google Fonts,</li>
<li>Impala,</li>
<li>Java,</li>
<li>Jenkins,</li>
<li>Mirantis,</li>
<li>Piston,</li>
<li>Python,</li>
<li>RBCommons,</li>
<li>Red Hat Enterprise Linux,</li>
<li>Scala, and</li>
<li>VMware vSphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Additionally, here’s a list of other software products that Cloudera is using internally,</p>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li><b>Marketing:</b> AdRoll, AppNexus, BrightFunnel, Demandbase</li>
<li><b>Sales and Support:</b> Infer, MindTickle, Outreach, Salesforce Sales Cloud</li>
<li><b>Analytics:</b> Adobe Analytics, Amplitude, Chartbeat, Tableau Software</li>
<li><b>HR: </b>AngelList Jobs, Codility, RolePoint, The Muse</li>
<li><b>Finance: </b>Concur, Ombud, SteelBrick</li>
<li><b>Productivity:</b> Box, Google Apps for Work, LibreOffice, Microsoft Office 365</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn" style="text-align: justify;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera impala/cloudera-enterprise.png" alt="Cloudera enterprise" width="650" height="500" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>What is cloudera impala ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera-impala/what-is-cloudera-impala/</link>
					<comments>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera-impala/what-is-cloudera-impala/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2021 06:30:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cloudera Impala]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Impala was the first to bring SQL querying to the public in April 2013...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="clouderas-impala" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Cloudera’s Impala</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/cloudera impala/cloudera-impala-tutorial.gif" alt="cloudera-impala-tutorial" width="676" height="381" /></div>
<div class="hddn">Impala was the first to bring SQL querying to the public in April 2013. Impala comes with a bunch of interesting features:</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Impala can query many file format such as Parquet, Avro, Text, RCFile, SequenceFile</li>
<li>Impala supports data stored in HDFS, Apache HBase and Amazon S3</li>
<li>Impala supports multiple compression codecs:
<ul>
<li><b>Snappy</b> (Recommended for its effective balance between compression ratio and decompression speed),</li>
<li><b>Gzip </b>(Recommended when achieving the highest level of compression),</li>
<li><b>Deflate </b>(not supported for text files), Bzip2, LZO (for text files only);</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Impala provides security through authorization based on Sentry (OS user ID)
<ul>
<li>Defining which users are allowed to access which resources,</li>
<li>What operations are they allowed to perform authentication based on Kerberos + ability to specify Active Directory username/password,</li>
<li>How does Impala verify the identity of the users to confirm that they are allowed exercise their privileges assigned to that user auditing,</li>
<li>What operations were attempted,</li>
<li>Did they succeed or not, allowing to track down suspicious activity; audit data are collected by Cloudera Manager;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Impala supports SSL network encryption between Impala and client programs, and between the Impala-related daemons running on different nodes in the cluster;</li>
<li>Impala allows to use UDFs and UDAFs;</li>
<li><b>Impala orders the joins </b>automatically to be the most efficient;</li>
<li><b>Impala allows admission control</b> – prioritization and queueing of queries within impala;</li>
<li>Impala allows multi-user concurrent queries;</li>
<li><b>Impala caches frequently accessed data</b> in memory;</li>
<li>Impala computes statistics (with COMPUTE STATS);</li>
<li>Impala provides window functions <b>(aggregation OVER PARTITION, RANK, LEAD, LAG, NTILE, and so on) </b>– to provide more advanced SQL analytic capabilities (since version 2.0);</li>
<li><b>Impala allows external joins</b> and aggregation using disk (since version 2.0) – enables operations to spill to disk if their internal state exceeds the aggregate memory size;</li>
<li><b>Impala allows subqueries</b> inside WHERE clauses;</li>
<li><b>Impala allows incremental statistics </b>– only run statistics on the new or changed data for even faster statistics computations;</li>
<li><b>Impala enables queries on complex nested structures</b> including maps, structs and arrays;</li>
<li><b>Impala enables merging (MERGE) </b>in updates into existing tables;</li>
<li><b>Impala enables some OLAP functions</b> (ROLLUP, CUBE, GROUPING SET);</li>
<li><b>Impala allows use of impala for inserts and updates into HBase.</b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent">
<div class="hddn" style="text-align: justify;"></div>
</div>
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		<title>What is Binary Search Tree ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-binary-search-tree/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 17:58:10 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : The Binary search tree is a node-based on the binary tree data structure...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="what-is-binary-search-tree" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">What is binary search tree ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>The <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/category/data-structures/binary-search-tree/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Binary search tree</a> is a node-based on the binary tree data structure has the following properties,
<ul>
<li>The left-side sub tree of a node contains only nodes with keys lesser than the node’s key.</li>
<li>The right-side sub tree of a node contains only nodes with keys greater than the node’s key.</li>
<li>The left-side and right-side subtree each must also be a binary search tree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-binary-search-tree.gif" alt="Binary Search Tree" /></div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="binary-search-tree-traversing" class="color-green">Binary Search Tree Traversing</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/c-programming-tree-traversals-inorder-preorder-postorder/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pre-order</a> traversal.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/java-programming-tree-traversals-inorder-preorder-postorder/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Post-order</a> traversal.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/python-programming-tree-traversals-inorder-preorder-postorder/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In-order</a> traversal.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="pre-order-traversal" class="color-purple">Pre-order traversal</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>This traversal technique it may be traversal order is root-left-right.
<ul>
<li>Visit the node.</li>
<li>Call itself to traverse the node’s left subtree.</li>
<li>Call itself to traverse the node’s right subtree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="algoithm" class="color-green" style="text-align: justify;">Algoithm</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-markdown code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-markdown code-embed-code">preOrder (t)<br/>     {<br/>       if (t is not empty)<br/>        {<br/>              access the root element of t;<br/>              preOrder (leftTree (t));<br/>              preOrder (rightTree (t));<br/>       } // if<br/>    } // preOrder traversal</code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="post-order-traversal" class="color-purple">Post-order traversal</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>This traversal technique the traversal order is left-right-root.
<ul>
<li>Call itself to traverse the node’s left subtree.</li>
<li>Call itself to traverse the node’s right subtree.</li>
<li>Visit the node.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="algoithm-2" class="color-green" style="text-align: justify;">Algoithm</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-markdown code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-markdown code-embed-code">postOrder (t)<br/> { <br/>   if (t is not empty) <br/>    { <br/>       postOrder(leftTree(t));<br/>       postOrder(rightTree(t)); <br/>       access the root element of t;<br/>    } // if <br/>} // postOrder traversal</code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="n-order-traversal" class="color-purple">n-order traversal</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>An <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/python-programming-inorder-predecessor-successor-given-key-bst/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in-order</a> traversal of a binary search tree will cause all the nodes to be visited in ascending order, based on their key values. If you want to create a sorted list of the data in a binary tree, this is one way to do it.
<ul>
<li>Call itself to traverse the node’s left subtree.</li>
<li>Visit the node.</li>
<li>Call itself to traverse the node’s right subtree</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="algoithm-3" class="color-green" style="text-align: justify;">Algoithm</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-markdown code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-markdown code-embed-code">private void inOrder(node localRoot) <br/>{ <br/>  if(localRoot != null) <br/>   {<br/>      inOrder(localRoot.leftChild);<br/>      localRoot.displayNode(); <br/>      inOrder(localRoot.rightChild); <br/>   }<br/> }</code></pre> </div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/binary-tree-traversing.png" alt="Binary Tree Traversing" /></p>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="advantages" class="color-blue">Advantages</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Binary Search Tree is fast in insertion and deletion etc when balanced.</li>
<li>It is very efficient and its code is easier than Linklists.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="disadvantages" class="color-blue">Disadvantages</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The main disadvantage is that we should always implement a balanced binary search tree – AVL tree, Red-Black tree, Splay tree. Otherwise the cost of operations may not be logarithmic and degenerate into a linear search on an array.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Shape of the tree depends upon order of insertion and it can be degenerated.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Searching takes long time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>How to Count number of bits to be flipped to convert A to B ?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 17:48:41 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Write the program to count number of bits needed to be flipped...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="how-to-count-number-of-bits-to-be-flipped-to-convert-a-to-b" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">How to Count number of bits to be flipped to convert A to B ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Write the program to count number of bits needed to be flipped to convert ‘a’ to ‘b’. For Example given two numbers a = 6 and b = 12; then the output is 2
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/check-binary-representation-number-palindrome/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Binary representation</a> of a is 00000<b>11</b>0</li>
<li>Binary representation of b is 00001100</li>
<li>We need to flip highlighted two bits in a</li>
<li>To make it b.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="explanation" class="color-purple">Explanation</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Calculate XOR of A and B.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight">
<pre><code class="hljs" data-lang=""><span class="nt">a_xor_b = A ^ B</span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Count the set bits in the above Calculated XOR result.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight">
<pre><code class="hljs scss" data-lang=""><span class="nt"><span class="hljs-function">CountSetBits</span>(a_xor_b)</span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="sample-code-in-c" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Sample Code in C#</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-c code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-c code-embed-code">/ Count number of bits to be <br/>// flipped to convert A into B <br/>using System; <br/><br/>public class Count { <br/>	<br/>	// Function that count set bits <br/>	public static int countSetBits(int n) <br/>	{ <br/>		int count = 0; <br/>		while (n != 0) { <br/>			count += n & 1; <br/>			n >>= 1; <br/>		} <br/>		return count; <br/>	} <br/><br/>	// Function that return <br/>	// count of flipped number <br/>	public static int FlippedCount(int a, int b) <br/>	{ <br/>	// Return count of set <br/>	// bits in a XOR b <br/>		return countSetBits(a ^ b); <br/>	} <br/>	<br/>	// Driver code <br/>	public static void Main() <br/>	{ <br/>		int a = 17; <br/>		int b = 55; <br/>		Console.WriteLine(FlippedCount(a, b)); <br/>	} <br/>} <br/><br/>// This code is contributed by vt_m. </code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="output" class="color-purple">Output</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight" style="text-align: justify;">
<pre><code class="hljs" data-lang=""><span class="nt">3</span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>What are the Minimum Initial Points to Reach Destination ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-are-the-minimum-initial-points-to-reach-destination/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 17:44:33 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : To begin from the upper left corner of a given framework...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="what-are-the-minimum-initial-points-to-reach-destination" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">What are the Minimum Initial Points to Reach Destination ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>To begin from the upper left corner of a given framework, one needs to achieve the base right corner.</li>
<li>Every cell in the grid contains a number, the number may positive or negative.</li>
<li>We can move across a cell only if we have positive points ( > 0 ). Whenever we pass through a cell, points in that cell are added to our overall points.</li>
<li>We need to find minimum initial points to reach cell (m-1, n-1) from (0, 0) by following these certain set of rules :</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>From a cell (i, j) we can move to (i+1, j) or (i, j+1).</li>
<li>We cannot move from (i, j) if your overall points at (i, j) is <= 0.</li>
<li>We have to reach at (n-1, m-1) with minimum positive points i.e., > 0.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="syntax" class="color-purple">Syntax</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight">
<pre><code class="hljs scss" data-lang=""><span class="nt"><span class="hljs-function">minInitTokens</span>(matrix) </span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="sample-code-in-c" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Sample Code in C++</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-cpp code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-cpp code-embed-code">#include<iostream><br/>#include<cmath><br/>#define ROW 3<br/>#define COL 3<br/>using namespace std;<br/><br/>int tokens[ROW][COL] = {<br/>   {-2,-3,3},<br/>   {-5,-10,1},<br/>   {10,30,-5}<br/>};<br/><br/>int max(int a, int b) {<br/>   return (a>b)?a:b;<br/>}<br/><br/>int minInitPoints() {<br/>   int minToken[ROW][COL];<br/>   int m = ROW, n = COL;<br/>   <br/>   minToken[m-1][n-1] = tokens[m-1][n-1] > 0? 1: abs(tokens[m-1][n-1]) + 1;<br/>   <br/>   for (int i = m-2; i >= 0; i--)    //from last row to first row, fill points<br/>      minToken[i][n-1] = max(minToken[i+1][n-1] - tokens[i][n-1], 1);<br/>   <br/>   for (int j = n-2; j >= 0; j--)    //fill last column to first column, fill points<br/>      minToken[m-1][j] = max(minToken[m-1][j+1] - tokens[m-1][j], 1);<br/><br/>   for (int i=m-2; i>=0; i--) {<br/>      for (int j=n-2; j>=0; j--) {<br/>         int remPoint = min(minToken[i+1][j], minToken[i][j+1]);    //calculate remaining points<br/>         minToken[i][j] = max(remPoint - tokens[i][j], 1);<br/>      }<br/>   }<br/>   return minToken[0][0];<br/>}<br/><br/>int main() {<br/>   cout << &quot;Least Points Required: &quot; << minInitPoints();<br/>}</code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="output" class="color-purple">Output</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight" style="text-align: justify;">
<pre><code class="hljs" data-lang=""><span class="nt">Least Points Required: 7</span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>Delete all occurrences of a given key in a linked list ?</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 17:39:53 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Given a singly linked list, delete all occurrences...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="delete-all-occurrences-of-a-given-key-in-a-linked-list" class="color-pink">Delete all occurrences of a given key in a linked list ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="CodeContent">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>Given a singly linked list, delete all occurrences of a given key in it. For example,</li>
</ul>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-markdown code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-markdown code-embed-code">Input:  2 -> 1 -> 8 -> 2 ->  3 ->  2 -> 7<br/>       Key to delete = 2<br/>Output:  1 -> 8 -> 3 -> 7 </code></pre> </div>
<h2 id="sample-code-in-c" class="color-purple">Sample Code in C</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-c code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-c code-embed-code">#include <stdio.h> <br/>#include <stdlib.h> <br/>// A linked list node <br/>struct Node <br/>{ <br/>    int data; <br/>    struct Node *next; <br/>}; <br/>/* Given a reference (pointer to pointer) to the head of a list <br/>   and an int, inserts a new node on the front of the list. */<br/>void push(struct Node** head_ref, int new_data) <br/>{ <br/>    struct Node* new_node = (struct Node*) malloc(sizeof(struct Node)); <br/>    new_node->data  = new_data; <br/>    new_node->next = (*head_ref); <br/>    (*head_ref)    = new_node; <br/>} <br/>/* Given a reference (pointer to pointer) to the head of a list and <br/>   a key, deletes all occurrence of the given key in linked list */<br/>void deleteKey(struct Node **head_ref, int key) <br/>{ <br/>    // Store head node <br/>    struct Node* temp = *head_ref, *prev; <br/>    // If head node itself holds the key or multiple occurrences of key <br/>    while (temp != NULL && temp->data == key) <br/>    { <br/>        *head_ref = temp->next;   // Changed head <br/>        free(temp);               // free old head <br/>        temp = *head_ref;         // Change Temp <br/>    } <br/>    // Delete occurrences other than head <br/>    while (temp != NULL) <br/>    { <br/>        // Search for the key to be deleted, keep track of the <br/>        // previous node as we need to change &#039;prev->next&#039; <br/>        while (temp != NULL && temp->data != key) <br/>        { <br/>            prev = temp; <br/>            temp = temp->next; <br/>        } <br/>        // If key was not present in linked list <br/>        if (temp == NULL) return; <br/>        // Unlink the node from linked list <br/>        prev->next = temp->next; <br/>        free(temp);  // Free memory <br/>        //Update Temp for next iteration of outer loop <br/>        temp = prev->next; <br/>    } <br/>} <br/>// This function prints contents of linked list starting from <br/>// the given node <br/>void printList(struct Node *node) <br/>{ <br/>    while (node != NULL) <br/>    { <br/>        printf(&quot; %d &quot;, node->data); <br/>        node = node->next; <br/>    } <br/>} <br/>   /* Drier program to test above functions*/<br/>int main() <br/>{ <br/>    /* Start with the empty list */<br/>    struct Node* head = NULL; <br/>    push(&head, 7); <br/>    push(&head, 2); <br/>    push(&head, 3); <br/>    push(&head, 2); <br/>    push(&head, 8); <br/>    push(&head, 1); <br/>    push(&head, 2); <br/>    push(&head, 2); <br/>    int key = 2; // key to delete <br/>    puts(&quot;Created Linked List: &quot;); <br/>    printList(head); <br/>    deleteKey(&head, key); <br/>    puts(&quot;\nLinked List after Deletion: &quot;); <br/>    printList(head); <br/>    return 0; <br/>}</code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="output" class="color-purple">Output</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight">
<pre><code class="hljs" data-lang=""><span class="nt">Created Linked List:
 2  2  1  8  2  3  2  7
Linked List after Deletion:
 1  8  3  7 </span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>Inorder Tree Traversal without recursion and without stack ?</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 17:29:55 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : To traverse the tree using Morris Traversal...
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="inorder-tree-traversal-without-recursion-and-without-stack" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">Inorder Tree Traversal without recursion and without stack ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>To traverse the tree using Morris Traversal is based on <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/threaded-binary-tree/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Threaded Binary Tree</a> which means without using stack and recursion. In this traversal, we first create links to <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/technology/python-program-inorder-successor-binary-search-tree/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inorder successor</a> and print the data using these links, and finally revert the changes to restore original tree.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>If current does not have left child
<ul>
<li>Print current’s data</li>
<li>Go to the right, i.e., current = current->right</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>Else
<ul>
<li>Make current as right child of the rightmost</li>
<li>node in current’s left subtree</li>
<li>Go to this left child, i.e., current = current->left</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>When the tree is modified through the traversal, it is reverted back to its original shape after the completion.</li>
<li>Unlike Stack based traversal, no extra space is required for this traversal.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="read-also" style="text-align: justify;"></div>
<div class="text-center row" style="text-align: justify;"></div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="sample-code-in-c" class="color-red" style="text-align: justify;">Sample Code in C++</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-cpp code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-cpp code-embed-code">#include <stdio.h> <br/>#include <stdlib.h> <br/><br/>/* A binary tree tNode has data, pointer to left child <br/>and a pointer to right child */<br/>struct traversalNode { <br/>	int data; <br/>	struct traversalNode* left; <br/>	struct traversalNode* right; <br/>}; <br/><br/>/* Function to traverse binary tree without recursion and <br/>without stack */<br/>void MorrisTraversal(struct traversalNode* root) <br/>{ <br/>	struct traversalNode *current, *pre; <br/><br/>	if (root == NULL) <br/>		return; <br/><br/>	current = root; <br/>	while (current != NULL) { <br/><br/>		if (current->left == NULL) { <br/>			printf(&quot;%d &quot;, current->data); <br/>			current = current->right; <br/>		} <br/>		else { <br/><br/>			/* Find the inorder predecessor of current */<br/>			pre = current->left; <br/>			while (pre->right != NULL && pre->right != current) <br/>				pre = pre->right; <br/><br/>			/* Make current as right child of its inorder <br/>			predecessor */<br/>			if (pre->right == NULL) { <br/>				pre->right = current; <br/>				current = current->left; <br/>			} <br/><br/>			/* Revert the changes made in if part to restore <br/>			the original tree i.e., fix the right child <br/>			of predecssor */<br/>			else { <br/>				pre->right = NULL; <br/>				printf(&quot;%d &quot;, current->data); <br/>				current = current->right; <br/>			} /* End of if condition pre->right == NULL */<br/>		} /* End of if condition current->left == NULL*/<br/>	} /* End of while */<br/>} <br/><br/>/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS */<br/>/* Helper function that allocates a new tNode with the <br/>given data and NULL left and right pointers. */<br/>struct traversalNode* newtraversalNode(int data) <br/>{ <br/>	struct traversalNode* node = new traversalNode; <br/>	node->data = data; <br/>	node->left = NULL; <br/>	node->right = NULL; <br/><br/>	return (node); <br/>} <br/><br/>/* Driver program to test above functions*/<br/>int main() <br/>{ <br/><br/>	/* Constructed binary tree is <br/>			12 <br/>		/ \ <br/>		13	 14 <br/>	/ \ <br/>	15	 16 <br/>*/<br/>	struct traversalNode* root = newtraversalNode(12); <br/>	root->left = newtraversalNode(13); <br/>	root->right = newtraversalNode(14); <br/>	root->left->left = newtraversalNode(15); <br/>	root->left->right = newtraversalNode(16); <br/><br/>	MorrisTraversal(root); <br/><br/>	return 0; <br/>} </code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="output" class="color-red">Output</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight">
<pre><code class="hljs" data-lang=""><span class="nt">15 13 16 12 14 
</span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Time Complexity : O(n) If we investigate, we can see that each edge of the tree is crossed at-most multiple times.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Also, in most pessimistic scenario same number of additional edges (as info tree) are made and evacuated.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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		<title>How to make linked list program for the given list ?</title>
		<link>https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/how-to-make-linked-list-program-for-the-given-list/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2021 17:24:03 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Answer : Linked List is a type of Linear Data Structure that is mostly used data structure....
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="how-to-make-linked-list-program-for-the-given-list" class="color-pink" style="text-align: justify;">How to make linked list program for the given list ?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-linked-list-in-data-structure-with-example/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linked List</a> is a type of Linear <a href="https://www.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/what-is-data-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Data Structure</a> that is mostly used data structure after array, which allocates memory dynamically at run time that is it doesn’t require any size initialization as in case of array.</li>
<li>Linked List stores data in the forms of nodes, which is divided into two parts, first part stores the data and second part points to the next node by storing the address of that node.</li>
<li>We have first node which contains Data and Address to next node, and similarly second and third node forming a chain.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ImageContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive center-block aligncenter" src="https://cdn.wikitechy.com/interview-questions/data-structure/linked-list-in-data-structure.png" alt="Linked List in Data Structure" /></div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="syntax" class="color-blue">Syntax</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Content" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<ul>
<li>To create code, pattern required is:</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="CodeContent" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight">
<pre><code id="code1" class="hljs javascript" data-lang=""><span class="nt">LinkedList<<span class="hljs-built_in">String</span>> linkedList=<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> LinkedList<<span class="hljs-built_in">String</span>>()</span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="TextHeading">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="sample-code-in-java" class="color-purple" style="text-align: justify;">Sample Code in Java</h2>
<div class="code-embed-wrapper"> <div class="code-embed-infos"> </div> <pre class="language-java code-embed-pre line-numbers"  data-start="1" data-line-offset="0"><code class="language-java code-embed-code">import java.util.Iterator;<br/><br/>import java.util.LinkedList;					<br/><br/>public class LinkedListDemo <br/>{<br/><br/>  public static void main (String[] args) {<br/><br/>  LinkedList<String> linkedList=new LinkedList<String>();<br/><br/>  linkedList.add(&quot;java&quot;);<br/><br/>  linkedList.add(&quot;Is&quot;);<br/><br/>  linkedList.add(&quot;High&quot;);<br/><br/>  linkedList.add(&quot;Level&quot;);<br/><br/>  linkedList.add(&quot;Language&quot;);<br/><br/>  Iterator<String> itr=linkedList.iterator();<br/><br/>  while(itr.hasNext())<br/>  {<br/><br/>   System.out.print(itr.next());<br/><br/>   System.out.print(&quot;\t&quot;);<br/><br/>  }<br/><br/> }<br/><br/>}</code></pre> </div>
<div class="TextHeading" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="hddn">
<h2 id="output" class="color-purple">Output</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Output">
<div class="hddn">
<figure class="highlight" style="text-align: justify;">
<pre><code class="hljs" data-lang=""><span class="nt">java Is High Level Language</span></code></pre>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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