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Access token - A token which is used to access protected resources.
Authorization code - An intermediary code generated when a user authorizes a client to access the protected resources. The client receives this code and exchanges it for an access code.
Authorization server - A server issues access tokens after successfully authenticating a client and resource owner, and authorizing the request.
Resource server - A server which is in front of the protected resources and is capable of accepting and responding to the protected resource requests using access tokens.
Resource owner - The owner who authorizes an application to access their account.

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Authentication

Authentication is a process of identifying an individual, which is based on the username and password of the user.
Authentication knows that the user is the owner of the account on the web application and desktop computers.
Authentication in the context of a user is accessing an application and also an application whether the current user is present or not.
The Authentication protocol will also tell us the number of attributes about the user, such as a unique identifier and the email address
Authentication is about the user and the presence of the user with the application, and is an internet-scale authentication protocol that needs to be able to do this across the network and security boundaries.

Federated Authentication

In Federated Authentication, Many applications have their own username and passwords and applications depend on other services for verification of the user's identity.
A federated identity management system provides a single access to multiple systems. This is known as federated authentication.
A federated identity is the meaning of linking a person's electronic identity and attributes, which is stored across multiple distinct identity management systems.
A federated identity is single sign-on (SSO), in which a user's single authentication token, is trusted across multiple IT systems or even organizations.
SSO is a subset of federated identity management and it relates only to authentication and is based on the level of technical interoperability.

Authorization

Authorization is the process of giving someone the permission to access the website.
Hence, it needs the valid user's identification to check whether that user is authorized or not.

Delegated Authorization

Delegated authorization is the process of giving one user credentials to another user to perform some actions based on the user.
If an authorization mechanism provides an effective identity different from the validated identity of the user then it is called identity delegation authorization
At the authorization level which provides the owner of the effective identity has authorized the owner of the validated identity to use his authorize identity

Roles

OAuth 2.0 has four different types of roles and they are
Resource Owner
Client Application
Resource Server
Authentication Server
The roles are illustrated in the diagram which is given below:

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Resource Owner

The resource owner is a user who authorizes an application to access the account of the user.
Resource owner is defined as an entity which has the ability to grant access to the user data hosted on the resource server.
When the resource owner is a person, it is called as an end-user.

Client Application

The client is the application that wants to access the user's account.
Client is an application which makes protected resource requests to perform actions which is done based on the resource server
Client application is authorized by the user and is validated by the API.

Resource Server

The resource server hosts the protected user accounts and verifies the identity of the user and issues access tokens to the application.
Resource server is an API server which can be used to access the user's information.
Resource server has the capability of accepting and responding to the protected resource requests with the help of access tokens

Authentication Server

The authentication server gets permission from the resource owner and distributes the access tokens to clients, to access protected resource hosted by the resource server.
The authentication server authenticates to the authorization server and then, the client authenticates to the authorization server in the token endpoint.
The authentication server flow is used by apps which are hosted on a secure server.

curl -H "Authorization: Bearer RsT5OjbzRn430zqMLgV3Ia" \
https://api.oauth2server.com/1/me

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